ABSTRACT
Angiogenic factor with G-patch and FHA domains 1 (AGGF1) exhibits a dynamic distribution from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in endothelial cells during angiogenesis, but the biological significance and underlying mechanism of this nucleocytoplasmic transport remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the dynamic distribution is essential for AGGF1 to execute its angiogenic function. To search the structural bases for this nucleocytoplasmic transport, we characterized three potential nuclear localization regions, one potential nuclear export region, forkhead-associated (FHA), and G-patch domains to determine their effects on nucleocytoplasmic transport and angiogenesis, and we show that AGGF1 remains intact during the dynamic subcellular distribution and the region from 260 to 288 amino acids acts as a signal for its nuclear localization. The distribution of AGGF1 in cytoplasm needs both FHA domain and 14-3-3α/ß. Binding of AGGF1 via FHA domain to 14-3-3α/ß is required to complete the transport. Thus, we for the first time established structural bases for the nucleocytoplasmic transport of AGGF1 and revealed that the FHA domain of AGGF1 is essential for its nucleocytoplasmic transport and angiogenesis.
Subject(s)
14-3-3 Proteins/metabolism , Active Transport, Cell Nucleus , Angiogenic Proteins/metabolism , Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism , Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology , HEK293 Cells , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells , Humans , Protein Interaction Domains and MotifsABSTRACT
A photo/thermal-switchable supramolecular nanoparticles assembly has been constructed based on an inclusion complex between anionic pillar[5]arene 2C-WP5A and azobenzene derivative Azo-py-OMe (G). The novel anionic pillar[5]arene-based host-guest inclusion complexation was investigated by the 1H NMR titration, 2D ROESY and isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) showing high association constant (Ka) of (2.60 ± 0.06) × 104 M-1 with 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Furthermore, the supramolecular nanoparticles assembly can be conveniently obtained from G and a small amount of 2C-WP5A in aqueous solution, which was so-called "host induced aggregating (HIA)". The size and morphology of the supramolecular nanoparticles assembly were characterized by TEM and DLS. As a result of the photo/thermal-isomerization of G included in the cavity of 2C-WP5A, the size of these nanoparticles could reversibly change from ~800 nm to ~250 nm, which could switch the solution of this assembly from turbid to clear.
ABSTRACT
A novel anionic water-soluble pillar[5]arene (4C-WP5A) was synthesized via a convenient synthetic strategy of the direct cyclization of a functionalized hydroquinone monomer. The alkyl chain dependent affinities of ferrocenyl aminiums (FCn(+), n: carbon number) with 4C-WP5A are driven by hydrophobic interactions and desolvations with assisted C-H···π interactions and electrostatic interactions.
ABSTRACT
Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB, Akt) pathway plays a major role in proliferation and survival of many types of cells. The inhibitory effect of LY294002, widely applied as an inhibitor of PI3K, in combination with gemcitabine on proliferation of PANC-1 cells was investigated. The expression of PI3K, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and multidrug-resistance like protein (MRP) in normal pancreas tissues, chronic pancreatitis tissues and pancreatic carcinoma tissues was detected. The effects of LY294002 combined with gemcitabine on proliferation of PANC-1 cells and protein levels of p-Akt and MRP were detected. The results showed that the positive expression rate of PI3K, p-Akt and MRP in pancreatic carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal pancreas tissues and chronic pancreatitis tissues (P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively). LY294002 could effectively enhance the inhibitory effect of gemcitabine on proliferation of PANC-1 cells. Furthermore, Western blotting revealed that LY294002 combined with gemcitabine reduced the protein levels of p-Akt and MRP, which contributed to the inhibition of proliferation. It is concluded that LY294002 in combination with gemcitabine may represent an alternative therapy for pancreatic carcinoma.
