ABSTRACT
Biosafety is an important guarantee of the new coronavirus laboratory test. The accident treatment of sample overflow and sprinkle is a necessary part of the emergency plan for testing activities. Beijing Preventive Medicine Association coordinated biosafety experts of COVID-19 laboratories from Beijing CDC, to write up "The standard for handling of accidents of corona virus disease 2019 sample (T/BPMA 0005-2020)" . The group standard was based on the guidelines of China and WHO, and combined with the practical experience of COVID-19 epidemic and the principle of "scientific, normative, applicable and feasible" . Through all kinds of risk Assessment, it included the spillover of samples caused by the packing of COVID-19 (highly pathogenic) samples, the overflow and sprinkle in the laboratory during the detection operation, and the spillage accident occurred during the transfer of samples in the same building. The standard could guide and standardize the handling methods of accidental overflow and sprinkle that may occur in the SARS-CoV-2 testing laboratories in the city.
Subject(s)
Biohazard Release , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Containment of Biohazards/standards , Beijing , COVID-19 Testing , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , HumansABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the characteristics of super-antigen (SAg) of group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS), isolated from patients with scarlet fever or pharyngeal infections in Beijing between 2015-2017. Methods: Throat swab specimens from patients with scarlet fever or pharyngeal infections were collected and tested for GAS. Eleven currently known SAg genes including SpeA, speC, speG, speH, speI, speJ, speK, speL, speM, smeZ and ssa were tested by real-time PCR while M protein genes (emm genes) were amplified and sequenced by PCR. Results: A total of 377 GAS were isolated from 6 801 throat swab specimens, with the positive rate as 5.5%. There were obvious changes noticed among speC, speG, speH and speK in three years. A total of 45 SAg genes profiles were observed, according to the SAgs inclusion. There were significant differences appeared in the frequencies among two of the highest SAg genes profiles between emm1 and emm12 strains (χ(2)=38.196, P<0.001; χ(2)=72.310, P<0.001). There also appeared significant differences in the frequencies of speA, speH, speI and speJ between emm1 and emm12 strains (χ(2)=146.154, P<0.001; χ(2)=52.31, P<0.001; χ(2)=58.43, P<0.001; χ(2)=144.70, P<0.001). Conclusions: Obvious changes were noticed among SAg genes including speC, speG, speH and speK from patients with scarlet fever or pharyngeal infections in Beijing between 2015-2017. SAg genes including speA, speH, speI and speJ appeared to be associated with the emm 1 and emm 12 strains. More kinds of SAg genes profiles were isolated form GAS but with no significant differences seen in the main SAg genes profiles, during the epidemic period.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Bacterial/genetics , Pharyngitis/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/microbiology , Scarlet Fever/diagnosis , Streptococcus pyogenes/genetics , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification , Superantigens/genetics , Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins , Bacterial Proteins , Beijing/epidemiology , China/epidemiology , Exotoxins , Female , Humans , Membrane Proteins , Pharyngitis/epidemiology , Pharyngitis/microbiology , Pharynx/microbiology , Pregnancy , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Scarlet Fever/genetics , Scarlet Fever/microbiology , Streptococcal Infections , Streptococcus pyogenes/immunologyABSTRACT
Objective: This study aimed to explore the incidence trends and onset features of scarlet fever during the years of epidemic, from 2006 to 2015, in Beijing. Methods: Spatial, temporal and population distributions, prognosis of the reported cases and surveillance data on scarlet fever and other streptococcal infections (including the patients of streptococcal infection, tonsillitis and isthmitis) were analyzed by the descriptive epidemiological methods. Results: A total of 27 987 scarlet fever cases were reported from 2006 to 2015, with the incidence rates as 7.04 to 18.53 per 100 000 persons during these years, except for 2011. A total of 6 152 cases were reported in 2011, with the incidence of 31.37 per 100 000 persons, significantly higher than the average levels of the other years. There were more cases reported in rural-urban continuum, in summer and winter, with most of the cases were children in primary schools and infant-institutes. From May to December in 2011, 4 332 cases were interviewed three weeks after the disease onset, and their conditions improved or recovered, with no death or complication appeared at the follow-up period. There were 2 725 cases of scarlet fever and 104 013 clinical cases of streptococcal infections reported in 36 surveillance hospitals during the same period. The ratio between numbers of scarlet fever cases and streptococcal infection was 1 ⶠ38.17. The weekly numbers of scarlet fever were remarkably correlated to the streptococcal infections, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient as 0.729 (P<0.001). Accordingly, we estimated that about 21.4 thousand clinical cases of streptococcal infections that were caused by Group A streptococcus in 2011, in Beijing. Conclusions: Incidence of scarlet fever in 2011 was significantly higher than the average levels of other years in Beijing, but characteristics on spatial, temporal and population distributions of scarlet fever remained the same, with good prognosis of the reported cases. A large number of culture-positive Group A streptococcus infections among all the clinical cases of streptococcal infection might have been served as important source on septic infection, of scarlet fever.
Subject(s)
Scarlet Fever/epidemiology , Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification , Beijing/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Epidemics , Hospitals , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Population Surveillance , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Schools , Seasons , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Tonsillitis/epidemiology , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
From Dec. 1987 to June 1991, open mitral valvuloplasty was done in 40 patients. Among them rheumatic valve disease was observed in 35 cases. The early postoperative result was excellent. We consider that the requisites for this operation are noncalcification of anterior mitral leaflet with sufficient size and flexibility, without significant fusion and shortening of subvalvar structures, and readiness of valve replacement in case of its failure.
Subject(s)
Mitral Valve Stenosis/surgery , Mitral Valve/surgery , Rheumatic Heart Disease/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/surgery , Mitral Valve Stenosis/etiologyABSTRACT
From April 1985 to 1988, of 264 patients under went repair of congenital heart defect, 8 patients with double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) were successfully managed. All patients survived well. The catheterization and angiocardiography in the right ventricle(RV) play an important role in the preoperative diagnosis. To avoid missing and incorrect management the surgeon must keep the possibility of DCRV in mind during repair of a VSD. A dimple in the anterior wall of the RV during systole represents the underlying attachment of the aberrant muscular bundle. The right ventricular outflow tract must be explored when through a right atriotomy to repair the VSD and the tricuspid valve must be examined when through a right ventriculotomy.
