ABSTRACT
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Several studies have indicated that rectal cancer is significantly different from colon cancer in terms of treatment, prognosis, and metastasis. Recently, the differential mRNA expression of colon cancer and rectal cancer has received a great deal of attention. The current study aimed to identify significant differences between colon cancer and rectal cancer based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data via support vector machines (SVM). Here, 393 CRC samples from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were investigated, including 298 patients with colon cancer and 95 with rectal cancer. Following the random forest (RF) analysis of the mRNA expression data, 96 genes such as HOXB13, PRAC, and BCLAF1 were identified and utilized to build the SVM classification model with the Leave-One-Out Cross-validation (LOOCV) algorithm. In the training (n=196) and the validation cohorts (n=197), the accuracy (82.1 % and 82.2 %, respectively) and the AUC (0.87 and 0.91, respectively) indicated that the established optimal SVM classification model distinguished colon cancer from rectal cancer reasonably. However, additional experiments are required to validate the predicted gene expression levels and functions.
Subject(s)
Colonic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Colonic Neoplasms/genetics , Rectal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Rectal Neoplasms/genetics , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Support Vector Machine , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Algorithms , Cohort Studies , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
In the present study, a novel nanocarrier was developed for the delivery of anticancer drug to the cancer tissues. For this purpose, 5-FU loaded methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (mPEG-PLA) (5-FU NP) based polymeric nanoparticles was designed to increase the chemotherapeutic efficacy against breast cancers. Nanoprecipitation method was used to prepare the drug-loaded nanoparticles. The nanoparticle was evaluated in terms of DLS, TEM, in vitro release kinetics, and in vivo parameters. The average particle diameter of drug loaded NP was â¼110 nm and exhibited a sustained drug release pattern for up to 120 h. The NP exhibited a pH-response drug release pattern with accelerated release at acidic media. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay showed the enhanced cytotoxicity effect of NP formulations in comparison to free drug. The NP system showed remarkable G2/M phase cell cycle arrest with significant amount of apoptosis cells in late and early phase of flow cytometer analysis. Consistently, NP formulation greatly decreased the tumor burden of mice with no sign of adverse effect. TUNEL assay further confirmed the superior anticancer effect of NP formulations which showed a high number of apoptotic cells. The favorable results obtained from this study highlights the potential application of encapsulated 5-FU NP in the treatment of breast cancers. The remarkable anticancer therapeutic efficacy with negligible toxicity profile of 5-FU NP makes it one of the possible alternative for the successful breast cancer therapy.
Subject(s)
Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Drug Carriers , Fluorouracil/pharmacology , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Polyesters/chemistry , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Animals , Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/chemistry , Apoptosis/drug effects , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Survival/drug effects , Drug Compounding , Drug Liberation , Female , Fluorouracil/chemistry , G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects , Humans , Kinetics , MCF-7 Cells , Mice , Nanoparticles/ultrastructure , Particle Size , Tumor Burden/drug effects , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
In order to explore the relationship between grain yield and photosynthesis, the yield composition and leaf photosynthetic rate in some super hybrid rices and ordinary hybrid rice 'Shanyou 63' as control were measured in 2000-2005. The results were as follows. (1) The yield levels of the four super hybrid rices, 'Pei'ai 64S/E32', 'P88S/0293', 'Jin23A/611' and 'GD-1S/RB207', were significantly higher, being 108%-120% of 'Shanyou 63'. (2) These super hybrid rices had a better plant type with more erect upper layer leaves and bigger panicles or more spikelets per panicle, being 125%-177% of spikelets Shanyou 63 spikelets. (3) Net photosynthetic rates of these super hybrid rices were significantly higher in the second leaf but not necessarily in the first leaf or flag leaf than those of spikelets Shanyou 63 spikelets. (4) The removal of half flag leaf led to a decline in the seed-setting rate, while the removal of half panicle induced its increase in spikelets GD-1S/RB207 spikelets. Hence, higher yield in these super hybrid rices can be attributed to their bigger panicles, better plant type and higher light use efficiency of their canopies. Raising the photosynthetic capacity of each leaf, especially flag leaf, is the key to overcome the photosynthate-source restriction on grain yield and to make a new breakthrough of yield potential in future breeding of super hybrid rice.
Subject(s)
Oryza/growth & development , Photosynthesis/physiology , Plant Leaves/growth & development , Hybrid Vigor , Hybridization, Genetic , Oryza/genetics , Oryza/physiology , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/physiologyABSTRACT
When measured at a same CO(2) concentration, net photosynthetic rate is often significantly lower in long-term high CO(2)-grown plants than the ambient CO(2)-grown ones. This phenomenon is termed photosynthetic acclimation or down-regulation. Although there have been many reports and reviews, the mechanism(s) of the photosynthetic acclimation is not very clear. Combining the work of the authors' group, this paper briefly reviews the progress in studies on the mechanism(s) of the photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO(2). It is suggested that besides the possible effects of respiration enhancement and excessive photosynthate accumulation, RuBP carboxylation limitation and RuBP regeneration limitation are probably the main factors leading to the photosynthetic acclimation.
Subject(s)
Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Photosynthesis/physiology , Plants/metabolism , Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/metabolismABSTRACT
Net photosynthetic rates (Pns) in leaves were compared between rice plants grown in ambient air control and free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE, about 200 micromol mol(-1) above ambient) treatment rings. When measured at the same CO2 concentration, the Pn of FACE leaves decreased significantly, indicating that photosynthetic acclimation to high CO2 occurs. Although stomatal conductance (Gs) in FACE leaves was markedly decreased, intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) were almost the same in FACE and ambient leaves, indicating that the photosynthetic acclimation is not caused by the decreased Gs. Furthermore, carboxylation efficiency and maximal Pn, both light and CO2-saturated Pn, were decreased in FACE leaves, as shown by the Pn-Ci curves. In addition, the soluble protein, Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate caboxylase/oxygenase), and its activase contents as well as the sucrose-phosphate synthase activity decreased significantly, while some soluble sugar, inorganic phosphate, chlorophyll and light-harvesting complex II (LHC II) contents increased in FACE leaves. It appears that the photosynthetic acclimation in rice leaves is related to both ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation limitation and RuBP regeneration limitation.
