ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Honeydew is a sugar-rich excretion produced by sap-feeding Sternorrhyncha and is an important source of carbohydrates for natural enemies, especially for parasitoids. Honeydew derived from genetically modified (GM) crops can contain amounts of the transgene product. Thus, it is a possible route of exposure for natural enemies feeding on honeydew. In the present study, the potential effects of Nilaparvata lugens honeydew derived from Cry1C and Cry2A rice on different life-table parameters and parasitism dynamics of the egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Furthermore, the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) levels and the sugar and amino acid composition of honeydew were analyzed. RESULTS: Results indicated that A. nilaparvatae was exposed to Bt proteins by feeding on N. lugens honeydew produced from Bt rice. However, honeydew derived from the tested Cry1C and Cry2A rice lines did not affect the development, longevity, emergence rate and fecundity of A. nilaparvatae. Also, the parasitism dynamics in the field remained unaffected. In addition, the sugar and amino acid composition of N. lugens honeydew was not significantly altered for the tested Bt rice lines compared with the parental non-Bt plant. CONCLUSION: The quality of honeydew derived from the tested Bt rice lines as a food resource for natural enemies was maintained. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/adverse effects , Endotoxins/adverse effects , Hemiptera/parasitology , Hemolysin Proteins/adverse effects , Host-Parasite Interactions , Insecticides/adverse effects , Oryza/chemistry , Wasps/physiology , Amino Acids/chemistry , Animals , Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins , Diet , Life Tables , Plants, Genetically Modified/chemistry , Sugars/chemistryABSTRACT
Transgenic rice producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) could help protect the plants from damage by lepidopteran pests. However, one concern is the potential of Bt rice to harm non-target natural enemies, which play a vital role in pest control. In the present study, the potential effects of Cry1C rice and Cry2A rice on different life-table parameters and population dynamics of Pseudogonatopus flavifemur, a parasitoid of rice planthoppers, were evaluated under laboratory and field condition. The exposure of P. flavifemur to plant-produced Bt proteins was also analyzed. Results indicated that direct feeding on rice plants was the main exposure pathway of P. flavifemur to the Cry1C and Cry2A proteins. No significant difference on the development, survival, longevity, fecundity, and prey consumption of P. flavifemur was detected over two generations between the Bt and non-Bt rice treatments. Furthermore, the population dynamics of P. flavifemur were not affected by Cry1C rice and Cry2A rice. In conclusion, the tested Cry1C rice and Cry2A rice do not appear to harm the parasitoid P. flavifemur.
