ABSTRACT
The formation mechanism behind the sophisticated aromas of sesame oil (SO) has not been elucidated. The interaction effects of the Maillard reaction (MR) and lipid oxidation on the aroma formation of fragrant sesame oil were investigated in model reaction systems made of l-lysine (Lys) and d-glucose (Glc) with or without fresh SO (FSO) or oxidized SO (OSO). The addition of OSO to the Lys-Glc model increased the MR browning at 294 nm and 420 nm and enhanced the DPPH radical scavenging activity greater than the addition of FSO (p < 0.05). The presence of lysine and glucose inhibited the oxidation of sesame oil, reduced the loss of γ-tocopherol, and facilitated the formation of sesamol (p < 0.05). The Maillard-lipid interaction led to the increased concentrations of some of the alkylpyrazines, alkylfurans, and MR-derived ketones and acids (p < 0.05) while reducing the concentrations of other pyrazines, lipid-derived furans, aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and acids (p < 0.05). The addition of FSO to the MR model enhanced the characteristic roasted, nutty, sweet, and fatty aromas in sesame oil (p < 0.05), while excessive lipid oxidation (OSO) brought about an unpleasant oxidized odor and reduced the characteristic aromas. This study helps to understand the sophisticated aroma formation mechanism in sesame oil and provides scientific instruction for precise flavor control in the production of sesame oil.
Subject(s)
Glucose , Lysine , Maillard Reaction , Odorants , Oxidation-Reduction , Sesame Oil , Sesame Oil/chemistry , Glucose/chemistry , Odorants/analysis , Lysine/chemistry , Phenols/chemistry , BenzodioxolesABSTRACT
Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (Angptl3)lipoprotein lipase (LPL) pathway may be a useful pharmacologic target for hyperlipidemia. The present study was conducted to test the effect of soluble fiber extracted from Undaria pinnatifida (UP), on hyperlipidemia in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Forty mice were divided into four groups (n = 10): control group (C57BL/6J mice), ApoE−/− mice group, and two groups of ApoE−/− mice treated with UP fiber (5 or 10 % per day). UP soluble fiber treatment significantly decreased plasma and hepatic total cholesterol, triglycerides levels, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and malondialdehyde concentrations and increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and downregulated protein expression of Angptl3 concomitantly with upregulated protein expression of LPL. In addition, T0901317 caused elevated expression of hepatic Angptl3 protein, and the effect of T0901317 was also abrogated by UP soluble fiber in C57BL/6J mice. The present results suggest that the UP soluble fiber regulates Angptl3-LPL pathway to lessen hyperlipidemia in mice (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Undaria , Angiopoietins/pharmacokinetics , Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Apolipoproteins E/deficiency , Seaweed , Case-Control Studies , Protective Agents/pharmacokinetics , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (Angptl3)-lipoprotein lipase (LPL) pathway may be a useful pharmacologic target for hyperlipidemia. The present study was conducted to test the effect of soluble fiber extracted from Undaria pinnatifida (UP), on hyperlipidemia in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Forty mice were divided into four groups (n = 10): control group (C57BL/6J mice), ApoE(-/-) mice group, and two groups of ApoE(-/-) mice treated with UP fiber (5 or 10 % per day). UP soluble fiber treatment significantly decreased plasma and hepatic total cholesterol, triglycerides levels, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and malondialdehyde concentrations and increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and downregulated protein expression of Angptl3 concomitantly with upregulated protein expression of LPL. In addition, T0901317 caused elevated expression of hepatic Angptl3 protein, and the effect of T0901317 was also abrogated by UP soluble fiber in C57BL/6J mice. The present results suggest that the UP soluble fiber regulates Angptl3-LPL pathway to lessen hyperlipidemia in mice.
Subject(s)
Angiopoietins/metabolism , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Hyperlipidemias/diet therapy , Hyperlipidemias/metabolism , Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Undaria/chemistry , Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 , Angiopoietin-like Proteins , Angiopoietins/antagonists & inhibitors , Angiopoietins/genetics , Animals , Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology , Apolipoproteins E/deficiency , Apolipoproteins E/genetics , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Gene Expression Regulation , Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/pharmacology , Hyperlipidemias/genetics , Hyperlipidemias/pathology , Lipoprotein Lipase/genetics , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathology , Malondialdehyde/blood , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Solubility , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Inhibiting the action of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) on the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) has emerged as a novel therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia. Here we investigated the effect of berberine, natural plant extracts, on PCSK9-LDLR pathway in C57BL/6 mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation. METHODS: Forty female mice were divided into four groups (n =10): control, LPS (5 mg/kg), LPS + berberine 10 (5 mg/kg LPS plus 10 mg/kg berberine), and LPS + berberine 30 (5 mg/kg LPS plus 30 mg/kg berberine). Changes in the levels of blood lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]; pro-inflammatory cytokines [interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin-1α (IL-1α)], 8-isoprostane, hepatic expressions of PCSK9 and LDLR were determined. RESULTS: Berberine pretreatment reduced the expression of hepatic PCSK9, decreased the plasma TC, TG, LDL-C, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1α, and 8-isoprostane concentrations; increased HDL-C level and LDLR expression in mice. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that berberine inhibits dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice with LPS induced inflammation through regulating PCSK9-LDLR pathway.
Subject(s)
Berberine/pharmacology , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Inflammation/drug therapy , Animals , Dinoprost/analogs & derivatives , Dinoprost/blood , Dinoprost/metabolism , Dyslipidemias/chemically induced , Dyslipidemias/metabolism , Female , Inflammation/chemically induced , Inflammation/metabolism , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interleukin-1alpha/metabolism , Lipids/blood , Lipopolysaccharides , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Proprotein Convertase 9 , Proprotein Convertases/metabolism , Receptors, LDL/metabolism , Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
Recent studies show that osteopontin (OPN) and its receptor cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) are two pro-inflammatory cytokines contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to explore the inhibitory effect of kaempferol, a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, on atherogenesis and the mechanisms involved. The experiments were performed in aorta and plasma from C57BL/6J control and apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice treated or not with kaempferol (50 or 100mg/kg, intragastrically) for 4 weeks. Kaempferol treatment decreased atherosclerotic lesion area, improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, and increased the maximal relaxation value concomitantly with decrease in the half-maximum effective concentration, plasma OPN level, aortic OPN expression, and aortic CD44 expression in ApoE(-/-) mice. In addition, treatment with kaempferol also significantly decreased reactive oxygen species production in mice aorta. The present results suggest that kaempferol regulates OPN-CD44 pathway to inhibit the atherogenesis of ApoE(-/-) mice.
