[Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Atmospheric PM1 During Autumn and Winter in Qingdao].

From November 1,2018 to January 31,2019 (OP2018-2019) and from November 1,2019 to January 20, 2020 (OP2019-2020), PM1 measurement was conducted daily for two consecutive years. The concentration of trace elements in the atmospheric PM1 in Qingdao in autumn and winter was analyzed. The observation period was divided into four air quality levels (Level Ⅰ, Level Ⅱ, Level Ⅲ, and Level Ⅳ), and the characteristics and sources of the concentration of trace elements in PM1 were analyzed. The non-carcinogenic risks (Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, and V) and carcinogenic risks (As, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Co) of different people with different air quality levels were evaluated. The results showed that the changes in total metal element concentrations were associated with changes in Ca, K, and Al concentrations at different air quality classes during OP2019-2020 compared to those during OP2018-2019 and were more influenced by dust and biomass combustion sources. Compared with that during OP2018-2019, the V concentration in different air quality levels (Level Ⅰ, Level Ⅱ, Level Ⅲ, and Level Ⅳ) during OP2019-2020 decreased by 19.0%, 60.5%, 82.7%, and 77.5%, respectively. This was presumed to be related to the implementation of the Domestic Emission Control Area (DECA) policy for ships, which led to the significant reduction in V concentration due to the change in fuel quality of ships in the waters around Qingdao. The results of the enrichment factor, the ratio method, and the backward trajectory of airflow further indicated that the changes in V concentrations were mainly influenced by the DECA policy. However, after the implementation of the DECA, the V/Ni value as a limit for judging the influence of ship sources in the area required further exploration. The health risk assessment results showed that the risk factor of Mn ranged from 0.07 to 1.22 during OP2018-2019 and OP2019-2020. It was recommended to strengthen the management and control of Mn-containing pollution sources. The lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) value of As and Cd under different air qualities during OP2018-2019 and OP2019-2020 was lower than 10-4 but higher than 10-6, indicating that there was a carcinogenic probability, although it was still at an acceptable level. During OP2018-2019, when the air quality was Ⅳ, the ILCR value of Cr was higher than 10-4, and there was a risk of cancer.

[Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Surface Soils of a Large Steel enterprise in the North of China].

16 priority control polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by GC-MS in 22 surface soil (0-20 cm) samples collected from a large steel enterprise in the north of China. The concentrations of Σ16PAHs ranged from 22.0 µg·kg-1 to 20062.0 µg·kg-1. 4 to 5 aromatic rings were the dominant, typically fluorene(Flu) and pyrene(Pyr). Compared with related domestic research, PAH pollution in the steel enterprise reached medium level, with fifty percent of the soil points were at moderate and severe pollution levels, mainly in the coking and pellet plant area. The concentrations of 10 PAHs in 20 soil samples exceeded the Dutch target reference values. Compared with soil screening value of Beijing contaminated industrial sites, only part of the sample points exceeded the standard, typically benzo[a]anthracene(BaA) and benzo[a]pyrene(BaP). The source apportionment showed that soil PAHs mainly originated from combustion products of coal and other fossil fuels with only a small portion contributed by oil combustion and spill. The health risk assessment showed that the carcinogenic risks of benzo[a]pyrene(BaP), benzo[a]anthracene(BaA), dibenz(a,h)anthracene(DBA), benzo[b]fluoranthene(BbF), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene(InP) exceeded the threshold of 1×10-6 under residential land condition, the carcinogenic risks of benzo[a]pyrene(BaP), benzo[a]anthracene(BaA), dibenz(a,h)anthracene(DBA) also exceeded the threshold of 1×10-6 under industrial land condition. The carcinogenic risk value of benzo[a]pyrene(BaP) was the biggest among the 16 PAHs. The soil PAHs in the steel enterprise already caused harm to human health and the soil restoration project must be carried out.

Both swine and human cells are capable to support the replication of swine hepatitis E virus type 4 in vitro.

Using swine anal swab or liver as inocula, cell-culture systems were developed for swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) in swine cells (IBRS-2) and human cells (A549). Both positive and negative strand of swine HEV RNA were detected continuously. Cytopathic effect appeared from passage 8 in IBRS-2 and passage 22 in A549. Viral antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay in infected cells. Progenies harbored mutations in the third nucleotide of codon. Amino acid changes occurred in passage 8 in IBRS-2 and rescued in passage 10. Full-length genome sequence of a swine HEV isolate from liver was determined to be genotype 4. Taken together, our data suggest that swine HEV is able to replicate in both swine and human cells in vitro.