New Chinese dietary guidelines: healthy eating patterns and food-based dietary recommendations.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Chinese Dietary Guidelines (CDGs) were first released to the public in 1989 by the Chinese Nutrition Society (CNS). In 2016, the Ministry of Health commissioned the CNS to revise and publish new CDGs. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The CNS convened an expert committee of leaders in the fields of nutrition, epidemiology, public health, preventive medicine, and food science. The CDGs were revised according to the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development procedures. The expert committee recommended key inclusions for the CDGs on the basis of the current status of public health and priority health challenges affecting the Chinese population, as well as the quality of scientific evidence. RESULTS: The CDGs (2016) provide six key dietary recommendations for the general Chinese population aged 2 years and above. In addition to a newly revised Chinese Food Guide Pagoda, both the Chinese Food Guide Plate and Chinese Food Guide Abacus are newly created pictorial models in the CDGs (2016); the Chinese Food Guide Abacus is specifically designed for children. Seven additional dietary guidelines targeting specific populations are included; these guidelines emphasize the different physiological and nutritional requirements of particular populations, including dietary guidelines for vegetarians for the first time. CONCLUSIONS: The CDGs (2016) is an official document published by the National Health Commission of China. Its content highlights the current status of public health and offers advice to address health concerns faced by the Chinese population. The CDGs (2016) have been widely disseminated and accepted in the Chinese population; the National Nutrition Week is a major national event in which the CDG are used as its core to increase public awareness towards a healthy diet and lifestyle.

[Body vitamin D content and its relationship with body composition of children in Huairou district of Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze vitamin D concentration and its association with body composition of children in Huairou district of Beijing, to provide evidence for evaluation and improvement of nutritional status of vitamin D in children. METHODS: Totally, 381 children aged 7 - 11 years were recruited in Huairou district of Beijing (40.3 degrees N). Samples of overnight fasting venous blood (drawn between 0630 and 0900) were obtained in late March. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]concentration was determined by ELISA kits (IDS Ltd, UK). Body composition indices of the whole body, the distal and proximal forearm were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, Norland, USA). RESULTS: The average serum 25(OH)D concentration of all subjects was (44.4 +/- 12.5) nmol/L. The percentage of vitamin D insufficient [serum 25(OH)D < / = 50 nmol/L] reached as high as 68.5% (261 people). The 25(OH)D concentration of boys (46.3 nmol/L +/- 13.3 nmol/L)was significantly higher than that of girls (42.0 nmol/L +/- 11.1 nmol/L), (t = 3.38, P < 0.01). Between the serum 25(OH)D concentration and lean body mass of proximal forearm, distal forearm, whole body, and four limbs, significant positive correlations (r = 0.13 - 0.19, P < 0.05)were observed. After age, gender, height and weight were under controlled for, correlations between the serum 25(OH)D concentration and lean body mass at proximal forearm, and the two lower limbs still existed (r = 0.12-0.14, P < 0.05). The serum 25(OH)D concentration, the percentage of body fat at proximal forearm, and distal forearm were negatively correlated (r = -0.14, P < 0.05; r = -0.11, P < 0.05). However, after adjusting for confounding effects, this correlation disappeared. No significant correlation between the serum 25(OH)D concentration and body fat was observed at any position. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency was common in children of suburb area of Beijing. Vitamin D status was positively associated with the lean body mass.