ABSTRACT
Ginsenoside Re is a protopanaxatriol-type saponin extracted from the berry, leaf, stem, flower bud, and root of Panax ginseng. In recent years, ginsenoside Re (Re) has been attracting attention as a dietary phytochemical. In this review, studies on Re were compiled by searching a combination of keywords, namely "pharmacology," "pharmacokinetics," and "toxicology," in the Google Scholar, NCBI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The aim of this review was to provide an exhaustive overview of the pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of Re, focusing on clinical evidence that has shown effectiveness in specific diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, nervous system diseases, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Re is also known to eliminate virus, enhance the immune response, improve osteoporosis, improve skin barrier function, enhance intracellular anti-oxidant actions, regulate cholesterol metabolism, alleviate allergic responses, increase sperm motility, reduce erectile dysfunction, promote cyclic growth of hair follicles, and reduce gastrointestinal motility dysfunction. Furthermore, this review provides data on pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicological factors to examine the safety profile of Re. Such data will provide a theoretical basis and reference for Re-related studies and future applications.
ABSTRACT
Corosolic acid (CA) is the main active component of Lagetstroemia speciosa and has been known to serve as several different pharmacological effects, such as antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, and anticancer effects. In this study, effects of CA on the hepatic lipid accumulation were examined using HepG2 cells and tyloxapol (TY)-induced hyperlipidemia ICR mice. CA significantly inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation via inhibition of SREBPs, and its target genes FAS, SCD1, and HMGCR transcription in HepG2 cells. These effects were mediated through activation of AMPK, and these effects were all abolished in the presence of compound C (CC, an AMPK inhibitor). In addition, CA clearly alleviated serum ALT, AST, TG, TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and obviously attenuated TY-induced liver steatosis and inflammation. Moreover, CA significantly upregulated AMPK, ACC, LKB1 phosphorylation, and significantly inhibited lipin1, SREBPs, TNF-α, F4/80, caspase-1 expression, NF-κB translocation, and MAPK activation in TY-induced hyperlipidemia mice. Our results suggest that CA is a potent antihyperlipidemia and antihepatic steatosis agent and the mechanism involved both lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis and inflammation response inhibition via AMPK/SREBPs and NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.
Subject(s)
Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Hypolipidemic Agents , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Phytotherapy , Triterpenes/pharmacology , Triterpenes/therapeutic use , Animals , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Inflammation , Lagerstroemia/chemistry , Mice, Inbred ICR , Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase/metabolism , fas Receptor/metabolismABSTRACT
In the crystal structure of the title organic salt, C(16)H(19)N(2) (+)·C(9)H(11)O(3)S(-)·H(2)O, the cations pack head-to-tail within a sheet and are aligned in opposite directions in neighboring sheets. The benzene ring of the anion makes an angle of 76.99â (6)° with the plane of the cationic chromophore. The cations are situated in the ab plane, whereas the benzene rings of the anions lie in the ac plane.
ABSTRACT
The title compound, KZnB(3)O(6) contains a remarkable [B(6)O(12)](6-) group ( symmetry) formed by two rings linked by edge-sharing BO(4) tetra-hedra, a feature that has only been observed previously under high pressure conditions. These borate groups are connected through distorted ZnO(4) tetra-hedra in edge-shared pairs ( symmetry), forming a three-dimensional network whose cavities are filled by K(+) cations.
ABSTRACT
The structure of rubidium gadolinium bis(tungstate), RbGd(WO4)2, has been determined. The crystal is built up from corner- and edge-sharing WO6 octahedral and GdO8 polyhedral groups, giving rise to a Gd-WO4 polyhedral backbone surrounding structural cavities filled with Rb+ cations. The Gd and Rb atoms lie on twofold axes.
