Dopamine and deep brain stimulation accelerate the neural dynamics of volitional action in Parkinson's disease.

The ability to initiate volitional action is fundamental to human behaviour. Loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease is associated with impaired action initiation, also termed akinesia. Both dopamine and subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) can alleviate akinesia, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. An important question is whether dopamine and DBS facilitate de novo build-up of neural dynamics for motor execution or accelerate existing cortical movement initiation signals through shared modulatory circuit effects. Answering these questions can provide the foundation for new closed-loop neurotherapies with adaptive DBS, but the objectification of neural processing delays prior to performance of volitional action remains a significant challenge. To overcome this challenge, we studied readiness potentials and trained brain signal decoders on invasive neurophysiology signals in 25 DBS patients (12 female) with Parkinson's disease during performance of self-initiated movements. Combined sensorimotor cortex electrocorticography (ECoG) and subthalamic local field potential (LFP) recordings were performed OFF therapy (N = 22), ON dopaminergic medication (N = 18) and ON subthalamic deep brain stimulation (N = 8). This allowed us to compare their therapeutic effects on neural latencies between the earliest cortical representation of movement intention as decoded by linear discriminant analysis classifiers and onset of muscle activation recorded with electromyography (EMG). In the hypodopaminergic OFF state, we observed long latencies between motor intention and motor execution for readiness potentials and machine learning classifications. Both, dopamine and DBS significantly shortened these latencies, hinting towards a shared therapeutic mechanism for alleviation of akinesia. To investigate this further, we analysed directional cortico-subthalamic oscillatory communication with multivariate granger causality. Strikingly, we found that both therapies independently shifted cortico-subthalamic oscillatory information flow from antikinetic beta (13-35 Hz) to prokinetic theta (4-10 Hz) rhythms, which was correlated with latencies in motor execution. Our study reveals a shared brain network modulation pattern of dopamine and DBS that may underlie the acceleration of neural dynamics for augmentation of movement initiation in Parkinson's disease. Instead of producing or increasing preparatory brain signals, both therapies modulate oscillatory communication. These insights provide a link between the pathophysiology of akinesia and its' therapeutic alleviation with oscillatory network changes in other non-motor and motor domains, e.g. related to hyperkinesia or effort and reward perception. In the future, our study may inspire the development of clinical brain computer interfaces based on brain signal decoders to provide temporally precise support for action initiation in patients with brain disorders.

Defining Age-Adjusted PI-LL Targets for Surgical Realignment in Adult Degenerative Scoliosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate postoperative pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis mismatch (PI-LL) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes to determine age-adjusted PI-LL targets. Method: The dataset encompassed a range of variables, including age, sex, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, presence of osteopenia, hospital stay, operative duration, blood loss, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, number of fusion levels, lumbar lordosis, sagittal vertical axis, pelvic incidence, and PI-LL. The non-linear relationship between PI-LL and clinical outcomes was examined using a curve analysis, with adjustments made for potential confounding variables. Upon identification of a non-linear relationship, a two-piecewise regression model was employed to determine the threshold effect. Results: A total of 280 patients were enrolled. In the fully adjusted model, the optimal PI-LL target for patients aged 45-54 years old was PI-LL < 10°, the optimal target for patients aged 55-74 was 10-20°, and the optimal target for patients older than 75 years was more suitable for PI-LL > 20°. In the curve-fitting graph, it could be seen that the relationship between PI-LL and HRQOL outcomes was not linear in each age group. The peaks of the curves within each group occurred at different locations. Higher and lower thresholds for optimal surgical goals were determined using the two-piecewise regression model from the SRS-22 score and the ODI score. Conclusions: This study showed that the optimal PI-LL after corrective surgery in adult degenerative scoliosis patients should be adjusted according to age.

Effects of forest age and season on soil microbial communities in Chinese fir plantations.

Understanding changes in the distribution patterns and diversity of soil microbial communities from the perspectives of age-related changes, seasonal variations, and the interaction between the two factors can facilitate the management of plantations. In Chinese fir plantations, we collected soils from different depths in over-mature forests, mature forests, near-mature forests, middle-aged forests, and young forests in summer, autumn, and winter in China's subtropical regions. As the forests developed, bacterial and fungal communities' diversity changed, reached a minimum value at near-mature forests, and then increased in mature forests or over-mature forests. Near-mature forests had the lowest topological properties. The Shannon index of microbial communities varied with seasonal changes (P < 0.05). Bacterial and fungal community composition at genus level was more closely related to temperature indicators (including daily average temperature, daily maximum temperature, and daily minimum temperature) (P < 0.01, 0.5554 < R2 <0.8185) than daily average precipitation (P > 0.05, 0.0321 < R2 <0.6773). Bacteria were clustered by season and fungi were clustered by forest age. We suggested that extending the tree cultivation time of plantations could promote microbial community recovery. In addition, we found some species worthy of attention, including Bacteroidetes in autumn in over-mature forests, and Firmicutes in summer in young forests.IMPORTANCEChinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook] is an important fast-growing species with the largest artificial forest area in China, with the outstanding problems of low quality in soil. Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in soil fertility by decomposing organic matter, optimizing soil structure, and releasing essential nutrients for plant growth. In order to maintain healthy soil quality and prevent nutrient depletion and land degradation, it is crucial to understand the changes of soil microbial composition and diversity. Our study determined to reveal the change of soil microbial community from stand age, season, and the interaction between the two aspects, which is helpful to understand how interannual changes in different years and seasonal changes in one year affect soil fertility restoration and sustainable forest plantation management. It is a meaningful exploration of soil microbial communities and provides new information for further research.

High-amylose starch-based gel as green adhesive for plywood: Adhesive property, water-resistance, and flame-retardancy.

The escalating demand for environmentally sustainable and cost-effective adhesives in the wood processing and manufacturing sector has prompted exploration into innovative solutions. This study introduces a novel gel adhesive composed of chemically unmodified high-amylose starch (G70, with 68 % amylose content) with a minimal proportion of urea-formaldehyde (UF) (UF/starch = 1:10, w/w). This G70/UF gel demonstrates remarkable adhesive capabilities for wooden boards under both dry conditions (with a shear stress of 4.13 ± 0.12 MPa) and wet conditions (with a shear strength of 0.93 ± 0.07 MPa after 2 h of water soaking). The study unveils that the elevated amylose content in the starch, coupled with a meticulously controlled isothermal process during bonding, is crucial for these enhancements. Specifically, the robust cohesion of amylose chains expedites phase separation between starch and UF, while the isothermal process facilitates the migration and enrichment of UF molecules at the gel-board and gel-air interfaces. Lacking these mechanisms, conventional amylopectin-rich starch/UF gels (27 % amylose content) show minimal improvement. Moreover, the G70/UF gel showcases exceptional fire retardancy. In all, the G70/UF gel presents a promising alternative for plywood production, reducing reliance on unhealthy UF resin while offering satisfactory bonding resistance in diverse conditions and superior flame retardancy.

The efficacy and safety of trastuzumab and albumin-bound paclitaxel with or without pyrotinib as neoadjuvant therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer: a prospective observational cohort study.

Background: In the past few years, the combination of trastuzumab and paclitaxel has become an important option for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can bring clinical benefit to HER2-positive breast cancer patients. However, the efficacy and safety of these two regimens have not been compared. This study explored the efficacy and safety of pyrotinib combined with trastuzumab and albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel). Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed HER2-positive early or locally advanced breast cancer treated at The Tumor Hospital of Mudanjiang City from November 2020 to June 2022 were included. The control group received pertuzumab in combination with nab-paclitaxel, whereas the pyrotinib group received pyrotinib in combination with pertuzumab and nab-paclitaxel as treatment, in a 3-week cycle for 4 cycles. The primary endpoints of this study were total pathological complete response (tpCR) rate, breast pathological complete response (bpCR) rate, and the secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and the occurrence of adverse events (AEs). Results: A total of 72 patients were enrolled in the study and completed the study treatment. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between these two arms. In the control group, the tPCR rate was 23.68%, and the bpCR rate was 47.36%. In the pyrotinib group, the tPCR rate was 47.06%, and the bpCR rate was 64.71%. The tPCR rate in the pyrotinib group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0.049). The ORR in the pyrotinib group (67.65%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (42.11%, P=0.04 ). The median PFS (mPFS) for the control group was 9.24 months, with a mean PFS of 10.01±0.44 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.14-10.88 months]. In the pyrotinib group, mPFS was 9.74 months, with a mean PFS of 11.25±0.29 months (95% CI: 10.67-11.82 months). The PFS in the pyrotinib group was significantly longer than that in the control group (P=0.045). Safety results showed that the overall incidence of AEs in the control group was 68.42%, with a 3-grade adverse reaction rate of 21.05%. In the pyrotinib group, the overall incidence of AEs was 79.41%, with a 3-grade adverse reaction rate of 29.41%. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusions: Pyrotinib group in neoadjuvant treatment for HER2 positive breast cancer has obvious short-term efficacy advantages over control group. This treatment regimen can prolong PFS for 1 year, and the safety during medication is controllable. This study still has some limitations, with the relatively small sample size and relatively short follow-up period, and a further large-scale, multicenter, randomized controlled trial is necessary to verify the clinical value of this dual-target treatment regimen.

Effect of κ-carrageenan on the quality of crayfish surimi gels.

The demand for crayfish surimi products has grown recently due to its high protein content. This study examined the effects of varying κ-carrageenan (CAR) and crayfish surimi (CSM) concentrations on the gelling properties of CAR-CSM composite gel and its intrinsic formation process. Our findings demonstrated that with the increasing concentration of carrageenan, the quality of CAR-CSM exhibited rising trend followed by subsequently fall. Based on the textural qualities, the highest quality CAR-CSM was achieved at 0.3% carrageenan addition. With the exception of chewiness, and the cooking loss of the gel system was 1.62%, whiteness was 82.35%, and the percentage of ß-sheets increased to 57.18%. Further increase in CAR (0.4-0.5%) addition resulted in internal build-up of LCAR-CSM, conversion of intermolecular forces into disulfide bonds and gel breakage. This study exudes timely recommendations for extending the CAR application for the continuous development of crayfish surimi and its derivatives and its overall economic worth.

A broken network of susceptibility genes in the monocytes of Crohn's disease patients.

Genome-wide association studies have identified over 200 genetic loci associated with inflammatory bowel disease; however, the mechanism of such a large amount of susceptibility genes remains uncertain. In this study, we integrated bioinformatics analysis and two independent single-cell transcriptome datasets to investigate the expression network of 232 susceptibility genes in Crohn's disease (CD) patients and healthy controls. The study revealed that most of the susceptibility genes are specifically and strictly expressed in the monocytes of the human intestinal tract. The susceptibility genes established a network within the monocytes of health control. The robustness of a gene network may prevent disease onset that is influenced by the genetic and environmental alteration in the expression of susceptibility genes. In contrast, we showed a sparse network in pediatric/adult CD patients, suggesting the broken network contributed to the CD etiology. The network status of susceptibility genes at the single-cell level of monocytes provided novel insight into the etiology.

Mechanical and modal analysis of different implant strategies for loss of three teeth with bone atrophy in the maxillary posterior region.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the stress distribution and secondary stability involved in five implant strategies, including implant-supported prostheses (ISP) and tooth-implant-supported prostheses (TISP), used for bone atrophy in the maxillary posterior region with teeth loss using finite element analysis, and to explore the more desirable implant methods. METHODS: Five implant strategies were made to analyze and compare: M1, implant-supported prosthesis consisting of a short implant with a regular implant; M2, implant-supported prosthesis consisting of a tilted implant with a regular implant; M3, cantilever structure; M4, tooth-implant-supported prosthesis consisting of a short implant with a regular implant; M5, tooth-implant-supported prosthesis consisting of a regular implant, and M6, with only the natural teeth as a control group. Dynamic loading of the above models was performed in finite element analysis software to assess the stress distribution of the bone tissue and implants using the von Mise criterion. Finally, the secondary stability of different models was evaluated by modal analysis. RESULTS: The maximum stress distribution in the cortical bone in M1(60 MPa) was smaller than that in M2(97 MPa) and M3(101 MPa), The first principal strain minimum was obtained in M2 (2271µÎµ). M4 (33 MPa, 10085 Hz) with the best mechanical properties and highest resonance frequency. But increased the loading on the natural teeth. CONCLUSIONS: Short implants and tilted implants are both preferred implant strategies, if cantilever construction is necessary, a tooth-implant-supported prosthesis consisting of a short implant and a regular implant is recommended.

Association between Adverse Psychological Emotions and Postoperative Brace for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Prospective Cohort Study with Propensity Score Matching.

OBJECTIVE: Although the advantages of postoperative braces have been verified in many fields, it is not clear whether postoperative braces can help reduce patients' adverse psychological emotions such as kinesiophobia, anxiety, and depression. This study aims to analyze whether the use of a postoperative brace helps reduce adverse psychological emotions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients undergoing spinal deformity surgeries. METHODS: All consecutive patients who underwent spinal corrective surgeries at our institution between April 2023 and July 2023 formed the prospective cohort. Outcome measures were collected in the preoperative period, 3 months after surgery, and 6 months after surgery. All patients were assessed using the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK), the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), and the numerical rating scale (NRS). A statistical model of propensity score matching was used to eliminate potential selection bias and maintain comparability. Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine the relationship between postoperative brace and adverse psychological emotions. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, this study ultimately enrolled 150 patients. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of demographic and perioperative variables. The fully adjusted model showed that the TSK scores of the non-brace group at the 3-month (ꞵ = 2.50, 95% CI 0.80-4.20, p = 0.005) and 6-month follow-up (ꞵ = 2.75, 95% CI 0.75-4.74, p = 0.007) were significantly higher than those of the brace group. The HADS score of the non-brace group at the 3-month follow-up was significantly higher than that of the brace group (ꞵ = 1.75, 95% CI 0.28-3.22, p = 0.019). The NRS score of the non-brace group at the 3-month follow-up was significantly higher than that of the brace group (ꞵ = 0.69, 95% CI 0.05-1.33, p = 0.034). At the 6-month follow-up, there were no significant difference for HADS score or NRS score between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In the early postoperative period, the postoperative brace could provide AIS patients with psychological supports and help them reduce the frequency of adverse psychological emotions. The postoperative brace could continuously improve the fear of movement within 6 months after surgery, and help reduce anxiety, depression, and pain within 3 months after surgery.

A Cysteinyl-tRNA Synthetase Mutation Causes Novel Autosomal-Dominant Inheritance of a Parkinsonism/Spinocerebellar-Ataxia Complex.

This study aimed to identify possible pathogenic genes in a 90-member family with a rare combination of multiple neurodegenerative disease phenotypes, which has not been depicted by the known neurodegenerative disease. We performed physical and neurological examinations with International Rating Scales to assess signs of ataxia, Parkinsonism, and cognitive function, as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging scans with seven sequences. We searched for co-segregations of abnormal repeat-expansion loci, pathogenic variants in known spinocerebellar ataxia-related genes, and novel rare mutations via whole-genome sequencing and linkage analysis. A rare co-segregating missense mutation in the CARS gene was validated by Sanger sequencing and the aminoacylation activity of mutant CARS was measured by spectrophotometric assay. This pedigree presented novel late-onset core characteristics including cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, and pyramidal signs in all nine affected members. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebellar/pons atrophy, pontine-midline linear hyperintensity, decreased rCBF in the bilateral basal ganglia and cerebellar dentate nucleus, and hypo-intensities of the cerebellar dentate nuclei, basal ganglia, mesencephalic red nuclei, and substantia nigra, all of which suggested neurodegeneration. Whole-genome sequencing identified a novel pathogenic heterozygous mutation (E795V) in the CARS gene, meanwhile, exhibited none of the known repeat-expansions or point mutations in pathogenic genes. Remarkably, this CARS mutation causes a 20% decrease in aminoacylation activity to charge tRNACys with L-cysteine in protein synthesis compared with that of the wild type. All family members carrying a heterozygous mutation CARS (E795V) had the same clinical manifestations and neuropathological changes of Parkinsonism and spinocerebellar-ataxia. These findings identify novel pathogenesis of Parkinsonism-spinocerebellar ataxia and provide insights into its genetic architecture.

Prognostic and therapeutic model based on disulfidptosis-related genes for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Disulfidptosis, a newly discovered mode of cell death caused by excessive accumulation of intracellular disulfide compounds, is closely associated with tumor development. This study focused on the relationship between disulfidptosis and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Firstly, the characterizations of disulfidptosis-related genes (DRGs) in ccRCC were showed, which included number variation (CNV), single nucleotide variation (SNV), DNA methylation, mRNA expression and gene mutation. Then, the ccRCC samples were classified into three clusters through unsupervised clustering based on DRGs. Survival and pathway enrichment differences were evaluated among the three clusters. Subsequently, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the three clusters were screened by univariate Cox, LASSO, and multivariate Cox analysis, and five key DEGs were obtained. Based on the five key DEGs, the ccRCC samples were reclassified into two geneclusters and the survival differences and immune cell infiltration between two geneclusters was investigated. In next step, ccRCC samples were divided into two groups according to PCA scores of five key DEGs, namely high PCA score group (HPSG) and low PCA score group (LPSG). On this basis, differences in survival prognosis, immune cell infiltration and correlation with immune checkpoint, as well as differences in sensitivity to targeted drugs were compared between HPSG and LPSG. The expression levels of four immune checkpoints were higher in HPSG than in LPSG, whereas the LPSG was more sensitive to targeted drug therapy than the HPSG. Finally, validation experiments on HDAC4 indicated that HDAC4 could increase the proliferation and colony formation ability of ccRCC cells.

Sugarcane bagasse biochar boosts maize growth and yield in salt-affected soil by improving soil enzymatic activities.

Salinization is a leading threat to soil degradation and sustainable crop production. The application of organic amendments could improve crop growth in saline soil. Thus, we assessed the impact of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and its biochar (SBB) on soil enzymatic activity and growth response of maize crop at three various percentages (0.5%, 1%, and 2% of soil) under three salinity levels (1.66, 4, and 8 dS m-1). Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized block design with factorial settings. The results showed that SB and SBB can restore the impact of salinization, but the SBB at the 2% addition rate revealed promising results compared to SB. The 2% SBB significantly enhanced shoot length (23.4%, 26.1%, and 41.8%), root length (16.8%, 20.8%, and 39.0%), grain yield (17.6%, 25.1%, and 392.2%), relative water contents (11.2%, 13.1%, and 19.2%), protein (17.2%, 19.6%, and 34.9%), and carotenoid (16.3, 30.3, and 49.9%) under different salinity levels (1.66, 4, and 8 dS m-1, respectively). The 2% SBB substantially drop the Na+ in maize root (28.3%, 29.9%, and 22.4%) and shoot (36.1%, 37.2%, and 38.5%) at 1.66, 4, and 8 dS m-1. Moreover, 2% SBB is the best treatment to boost the urease by 110.1%, 71.7%, and 91.2%, alkaline phosphatase by 28.8%, 38.8%, and 57.6%, and acid phosphatase by 48.4%, 80.1%, and 68.2% than control treatment under 1.66, 4 and 8 dS m-1, respectively. Pearson analysis showed that all the growth and yield parameters were positively associated with the soil enzymatic activities and negatively correlated with electrolyte leakage and sodium. The structural equational model (SEM) showed that the different application percentage of amendments significantly influences the growth and physiological parameters at all salinity levels. SEM explained the 81%, 92%, and 95% changes in maize yield under 1.66, 4, and 8 dS m-1, respectively. So, it is concluded that the 2% SBB could be an efficient approach to enhance the maize yield by ameliorating the noxious effect of degraded saline soil.

Efficient, quick, and low-carbon removal mechanism of microplastics based on integrated gel coagulation-spontaneous flotation process.

To address the problems of unstable efficiency, long treatment period, and high energy consumption during microplastics (MPs) removal by traditional coagulation-flotation technology, a gel coagulation-spontaneous flotation (GCSF) process is proposed that employs laminarin (LA) as the crosslinker and polyaluminum chloride (PAC)/polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) as the coagulant to remove MPs. Herein, the effects of GCSF chemical conditions on microplastic-humic acid composite pollutants (MP-HAs) removal were investigated, and the removal mechanisms were analyzed through theoretical calculations and floc structure characterization. Results showed that an LA to PAC/PAFC ratio of 2.5:1 achieved the highest removal of HA (86 %) and MPs (93 %-99 %) in short coagulation (< 1 min) and spontaneous flotation (< 9 min) period. PAC-LA exhibited strong removal ability for MP-HAs while PAFC-LA induced fast flotation speed. The peak intensity and peak shift in Fourier-transformed infrared and X-ray photo-electron spectra indicated that the removal mechanisms of MPs include hydrogen bond adsorption and the sweeping effect, mainly relying on -OH/-C = O on the MPs surface and entrapment of gel flocs with a high degree of aggregation, respectively. The extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek calculation also revealed that interactions between PAC/PAFC-LA and MP-HAs were mainly polar interaction (hydrogen bonding) and intermolecular attraction interaction (Lifshitz-van der Waals force), and the sweep effect was reflected by intermolecular interaction. In addition, density function theory calculations indicated that -OH in LA mainly adsorbs DO through a double hydrogen bond configuration, and the crosslinking ligand FeO6/AlO6 assists in DO absorption by -OH.

The Enormous Potential of Sodium/Potassium-Ion Batteries as the Mainstream Energy Storage Technology for Large-Scale Commercial Applications.

Cost-effectiveness plays a decisive role in sustainable operating of rechargeable batteries. As such, the low cost-consumption of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) provides a promising direction for "how do SIBs/PIBs replace Li-ion batteries (LIBs) counterparts" based on their resource abundance and advanced electrochemical performance. To rationalize the SIBs/PIBs technologies as alternatives to LIBs from the unit energy cost perspective, this review gives the specific criteria for their energy density at possible electrode-price grades and various battery-longevity levels. The cost ($ kWh-1 cycle-1) advantage of SIBs/PIBs is ascertained by the cheap raw-material compensation for the cycle performance deficiency and the energy density gap with LIBs. Furthermore, the cost comparison between SIBs and PIBs, especially on cost per kWh and per cycle, is also involved. This review explicitly manifests the practicability and cost-effectiveness toward SIBs are superior to PIBs whose commercialization has so far been hindered by low energy density. Even so, the huge potential on sustainability of PIBs, to outperform SIBs, as the mainstream energy storage technology is revealed as long as PIBs achieve long cycle life or enhanced energy density, the related outlook of which is proceeded as the next development directions for commercial applications.

Seizure, Motor, and Cognitive Outcomes After Epilepsy Surgery for Patients With Sturge-Weber Syndrome: Results From a Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Surgery is widely performed for refractory epilepsy in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), but reports on its effectiveness are limited. This study aimed to analyze seizure, motor, and cognitive outcomes of surgery in these patients and to identify factors associated with the outcomes. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective observational study using data from patients with SWS and refractory epilepsy who underwent epilepsy surgery between 2000 and 2020 at 16 centers throughout China. Longitudinal postoperative seizures were classified by Engel class, and Engel class I was regarded as seizure-free outcome. Functional (motor and cognitive) outcomes were evaluated using the SWS neurologic score, and improved or unchanged scores between baseline and follow-up were considered to have stable outcomes. Outcomes were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Multivariate Cox regression was used to identify factors associated with outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 214 patients with a median age of 2.0 (interquartile range 1.2-4.6) years underwent surgery (focal resection, FR [n = 87]; hemisphere surgery, HS [n = 127]) and completed a median of 3.5 (1.7-5.0) years of follow-up. The overall estimated probability for being seizure-free postoperatively at 1, 2, and 5 years was 86.9% (95% CI 82.5-91.6), 81.4% (95% CI 76.1-87.1), and 70.7% (95% CI 63.3-79.0), respectively. The overall estimated probability of being motor stable at the same time post operatively was 65.4% (95% CI 58.4-71.2), 80.2% (95% CI 73.8-85.0), and 85.7% (95% CI 79.5-90.1), respectively. The overall probability for being cognition stable at 1, 2, and 5 years was 80.8% (95% CI 74.8-85.5), 85.1% (95% CI 79.3-89.2), and 89.5% (95% CI 83.8-93.2), respectively. Both FR and HS were effective at ensuring seizure control. For different HS techniques, modified hemispherotomy had comparable outcomes but improved safety compared with anatomical hemispherectomy. Regarding FR, partial resection (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 11.50, 95% CI 4.44-29.76), acute postoperative seizure (APOS, within 30 days of surgery; aHR 10.33, 95% CI 3.94-27.12), and generalized seizure (aHR 3.09, 95% CI 1.37-6.94) were associated with seizure persistence. For HS, seizure persistence was associated with APOS (aHR 27.61, 9.92-76.89), generalized seizure (aHR 7.95, 2.74-23.05), seizure frequency ≥30 times/month (aHR 4.76, 1.27-17.87), and surgical age ≥2 years (aHR 3.78, 1.51-9.47); motor stability was associated with severe motor defects (aHR 5.23, 2.27-12.05) and postoperative seizure-free status (aHR 3.09, 1.49-6.45); and cognition stability was associated with postoperative seizure-free status (aHR 2.84, 1.39-5.78) and surgical age <2 years (aHR 1.76, 1.13-2.75). DISCUSSION: FR is a valid option for refractory epilepsy in patients with SWS and has similar outcomes to those of HS, with less morbidity associated with refractory epilepsy. Early surgical treatment (under the age of 2 years) leads to better outcomes after HS, but there is insufficient evidence that surgical age affects FR outcomes. These findings warrant future prospective multicenter cohorts with international cooperation and prolonged follow-up in better exploring more precise outcomes and developing prognostic predictive models. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that in children with SWS and refractory seizures, surgical resection-focal, hemispherectomy, or modified hemispherotomy-leads to improved outcomes.

Subthalamic and pallidal oscillations and their couplings reflect dystonia severity and improvements by deep brain stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the globus pallidus internus (GPi) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) is employed for the treatment of dystonia. Pallidal low-frequency oscillations have been proposed as a pathophysiological marker for dystonia. However, the role of subthalamic oscillations and STN-GPi coupling in relation to dystonia remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore oscillatory activities within the STN-GPi circuit and their correlation with the severity of dystonia and efficacy achieved by DBS treatment. METHODS: Local field potentials were recorded simultaneously from the STN and GPi from 13 dystonia patients. Spectral power analysis was conducted for selected frequency bands from both nuclei, while power correlation and the weighted phase lag index were used to evaluate power and phase couplings between these two nuclei, respectively. These features were incorporated into generalized linear models to assess their associations with dystonia severity and DBS efficacy. RESULTS: The results revealed that pallidal theta power, subthalamic beta power and subthalamic-pallidal theta phase coupling and beta power coupling all correlated with clinical severity. The model incorporating all selected features predicts empirical clinical scores and DBS-induced improvements, whereas the model relying solely on pallidal theta power failed to demonstrate significant correlations. CONCLUSIONS: Beyond pallidal theta power, subthalamic beta power, STN-GPi couplings in theta and beta bands, play a crucial role in understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of dystonia and developing optimal strategies for DBS.

Carboxymethylated Lycium barbarum seed dreg dietary fiber alleviates high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in mice via intestinal regulation.

In this study, we investigated the ameliorative gut modulatory effect of carboxymethylated Lycium barbarum seed dreg insoluble dietary fiber (LBSDIDF) on hyperlipidemic mice. After seven weeks of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) intervention, the results demonstrated that IDFs effectively inhibited body weight gain, with slimming and hypolipidemic effects, and improved liver histopathology by decreasing ALT, AST, TNF-α and IL-6, and increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in hyperlipidemic mice. With the increasing diversity and abundance of intestinal bacteria and decreasing ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, intestinal flora facilitated cholesterol lowering effects in hyperlipidemic mice. Our research offers a novel concept for the use of LBSDIDF as a prebiotic to improve intestinal dysbiosis or as a preventive measure against obesity and dyslipidemia.

Analysis of heaping-induced decline in olive quality: insights from integrated analysis between phenotypic traits and gene expression profiles.

Heaping is an unavoidable process before olive milling, and its duration significantly affects the olive quality. However, there is limited research on the quality changes of olive fruits on a short-time scale. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying postharvest deterioration of olives, this study piled olives at room temperature and extracted oil at 0, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h to analyze oil quality parameters. Gas/Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/LC-MS) techniques were employed to investigate variations in metabolite contents. Concurrently, the transcriptional profiles of olives during heaping were examined. As piling time progressed, quality indicators declined, and stored fruit were categorized into three groups based on their quality characters: '0 h' belongs to the first category, '8 h' and '24 h' to the second category, and '48 h' and '72 h' to the third category. Metabolite changes were consistent with the expression patterns of genes related to their synthesis pathways. Additionally, ethylene was identified as a crucial factor influencing fruit senescence. These findings establish a foundation for further research on olive deterioration after harvesting and offer insights for optimizing olive oil production.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Olea dioica Roxb, 1820 (Oleaceae).

Olea dioica Roxb, 1820 is a very important ethnomedicinal tree because of its medicinal properties and it belongs to the Oleaceae family. It is mainly distributed in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. However, the chloroplast genome of O. dioica has not yet been reported. In this study, the chloroplast genome sequence of O. dioica was sequenced using next-generation sequencing technologies. The complete chloroplast genome of O. dioica was 155,138 bp in length (GenBank accession no. PP048999), comprising a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,048 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,816 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions 25,637 bp each. The overall GC content was 37.8%. The complete chloroplast genome of O. dioica contains 131 complete genes, which are 88 protein-coding genes, 35 transfer RNA genes, and eight ribosomal RNA genes. A maximum-likelihood (ML) tree of O. dioica and 14 other species in the family Oleaceae suggested that O. dioica showed a close relationship with Olea brachiata.