Population genomics unravels the Holocene history of bread wheat and its relatives.

Deep knowledge of crop biodiversity is essential to improving global food security. Despite bread wheat serving as a keystone crop worldwide, the population history of bread wheat and its relatives, both cultivated and wild, remains elusive. By analysing whole-genome sequences of 795 wheat accessions, we found that bread wheat originated from the southwest coast of the Caspian Sea and underwent a slow speciation process, lasting ~3,300 yr owing to persistent gene flow from its relatives. Soon after, bread wheat spread across Eurasia and reached Europe, South Asia and East Asia ~7,000 to ~5,000 yr ago, shaping a diversified but occasionally convergent adaptive landscape in novel environments. By contrast, the cultivated relatives of bread wheat experienced a population decline by ~82% over the past ~2,000 yr due to the food choice shift of humans. Further biogeographical modelling predicted a continued population shrinking of many bread wheat relatives in the coming decades because of their vulnerability to the changing climate. These findings will guide future efforts in protecting and utilizing wheat biodiversity to enhance global wheat production.

Study on the effect of massage therapy combined with medications on MGD / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To study the effect of tarsal gland massage combined with medication in treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).METHODS:Totally 100 patients (189 eyes) with MGD were selected in our hospital from December 2014 to December 2016.The patients were randomly divided into control group and observation group.Patients in the control group were treated with routine drugs,while the patients in the observation group were treated with routine massage.We observed and compared the clinical efficacy of two groups of patients before treatment,1 wk,1 and 3mo after treatment for the subjective symptoms,tear film break-up time,tear secretion test,ocular surface disease index,corneal staining score of the patients in the 3 groups.RESULTS:The total effective rate of the observation group was 93.6％,which was significantly higher than that of the control group (P＜ 0.05).Two groups of patients after treatment of subjective symptoms,ocular surface disease index,corneal staining score decreased,tear break-up time,Schirmer test was increased compared with before treatment (P＜0.05).The decrease of subjective symptoms,ocular surface disease index,corneal staining score,the increase of tear film break-up time,tear secretion test in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:Massage combined with medication can improve the clinical efficacy of MGD.