Suillus: an emerging model for the study of ectomycorrhizal ecology and evolution.

Research on mycorrhizal symbiosis has been slowed by a lack of established study systems. To address this challenge, we have been developing Suillus, a widespread ecologically and economically relevant fungal genus primarily associated with the plant family Pinaceae, into a model system for studying ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations. Over the last decade, we have compiled extensive genomic resources, culture libraries, a phenotype database, and protocols for manipulating Suillus fungi with and without their tree partners. Our efforts have already resulted in a large number of publicly available genomes, transcriptomes, and respective annotations, as well as advances in our understanding of mycorrhizal partner specificity and host communication, fungal and plant nutrition, environmental adaptation, soil nutrient cycling, interspecific competition, and biological invasions. Here, we highlight the most significant recent findings enabled by Suillus, present a suite of protocols for working with the genus, and discuss how Suillus is emerging as an important model to elucidate the ecology and evolution of ECM interactions.

Retrospective analysis of urethral anastomosis with ancillary maneuvers and intraoperative biaxial defect measurements to achieve a tension free guidance system for redo PFUDD treatment.

OBJECTIVES: Redo surgery for pelvic fracture urethral distraction defects (PFUDDs) is still a challenge. the long urethral defect makes it difficult while the high tension increase the recurrence rate. Although certain ancillary maneuvers can relieve tension, there is no consensus or guidelines for the prediction/planning of the selection. In this study, we present our experience with developing an intraoperative guidance system to achieve tension-free urethral anastomosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 91 recurrent PFUDD patients managed at our center between 2020 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients underwent scar removing and urethral anastomosis. For the long defect and high-tension cases, 6 kinds of tension-relieving maneuvers were used respectively during the process of urethral anastomosis. Preoperative assessment of the urethrogram was done before surgery, while biaxial (vertical and horizontal) defect measurements were performed intraoperatively. The patients were followed-up for 12 months (8.9 ± 4.2), furthermore, recurrence and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: The overall success rate was 86.81%. The mean defect in urethrogram was 2.9 ± 1.1 cm. 27 simple anastomosis was performed when the vertical plus horizontal defect was less than 2 cm with 11.11% recurrence. 24 cavernous septum splittings were performed when the horizontal defect was greater than 2 cm with 8.33% recurrence. 21 inferior pubectomies were performed when the horizontal defect was greater than 3 cm with 19.05% recurrence. 15 ancillary distal urethra manipulations (fully distal urethral mobilization, urethral suspension and corpus cavernosa folding) were performed when the vertical defect was 3 to 4 cm with 13.33 recurrence. 4 reroutings were performed when the vertical defect was greater than 4 cm with 25.00% recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Ancillary maneuvers are effective for reducing tension in redo urethral anastomosis. Measurement of divergent vertical and horizontal urethral defects could guide the selection of ancillary maneuvers. Combined tension-relieving maneuvers is recommended according to the defect direction and length to achieve a tension-free anastomosis.

Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases after allo-HSCT: a single-center analysis.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in diagnosing infectious diseases in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). METHODS: Fifty-four patients who had fever following allo-HSCT from October 2019 to February 2022 were enrolled. Conventional microbiological tests (CMTs) and mNGS, along with imaging and clinical manifestations, were used to diagnose infection following allo-HSCT. The clinical diagnostic value of mNGS was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 61 mNGS tests were performed, resulting in the diagnosis of 46 cases of infectious diseases. Among these cases, there were 22 cases of viral infection, 13 cases of fungal infection, and 11 cases of bacterial infection. Moreover, 27 cases (58.7%) were classified as bloodstream infections, 15 (32.6%) as respiratory infections, 2 (4.3%) as digestive system infections, and 2 (4.3%) as central nervous system infections. Additionally, there were 8 cases with non-infectious diseases (8/54, 14.81%), including 2 cases of interstitial pneumonia, 2 cases of bronchiolitis obliterans, 2 cases of engraftment syndrome, and 2 cases of acute graft-versus-host disease. The positive detection rates of mNGS and CMT were 88.9% and 33.3%, respectively, with significant differences (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of mNGS was 97.82%, the specificity was 25%, the positive predictive value was 93.75%, and the negative predictive value was 50%. Following treatment, 51 patients showed improvement, and 3 cases succumbed to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. CONCLUSIONS: mNGS plays an important role in the early clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases after allo-HSCT, which is not affected by immunosuppression status, empiric antibiotic therapy, and multi-microbial mixed infection.

Long-term tropospheric ozone pollution disrupts plant-microbe-soil interactions in the agroecosystem.

Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) threatens agroecosystems, yet its long-term effects on intricate plant-microbe-soil interactions remain overlooked. This study employed two soybean genotypes of contrasting O3 -sensitivity grown in field plots exposed elevated O3 (eO3 ) and evaluated cause-effect relationships with their associated soil microbiomes and soil quality. Results revealed long-term eO3 effects on belowground soil microbiomes and soil health surpass damage visible on plants. Elevated O3 significantly disrupted belowground bacteria-fungi interactions, reduced fungal diversity, and altered fungal community assembly by impacting soybean physiological properties. Particularly, eO3 impacts on plant performance were significantly associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, undermining their contribution to plants, whereas eO3 increased fungal saprotroph proliferation, accelerating soil organic matter decomposition and soil carbon pool depletion. Free-living diazotrophs exhibited remarkable acclimation under eO3 , improving plant performance by enhancing nitrogen fixation. However, overarching detrimental consequences of eO3 negated this benefit. Overall, this study demonstrated long-term eO3 profoundly governed negative impacts on plant-soil-microbiota interactions, pointing to a potential crisis for agroecosystems. These findings highlight urgent needs to develop adaptive strategies to navigate future eO3 scenarios.

SERS-Based Hydrogen Bonding Induction Strategy for Gaseous Acetic Acid Capture and Detection.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can overcome the existing technological limitations, such as complex processes and harsh conditions in gaseous small-molecule detection, and advance the development of real-time gas sensing at room temperature. In this study, a SERS-based hydrogen bonding induction strategy for capturing and sensing gaseous acetic acid is proposed for the detection demands of gaseous acetic acid. This addresses the challenges of low adsorption of gaseous small molecules on SERS substrates and small Raman scattering cross sections and enables the first SERS-based detection of gaseous acetic acid by a portable Raman spectrometer. To provide abundant hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) was used as a ligand molecule modified on the SERS substrate. Furthermore, a sensing chip with a low relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.15% was constructed, ensuring highly sensitive and reliable detection. The hydrogen bond-induced acetic acid trapping was confirmed by experimental spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). In addition, to achieve superior accuracy compared to conventional methods, an innovative analytical method based on direct response hydrogen bond formation (IO-H/Iref) was proposed, enabling the detection of gaseous acetic acid at concentrations as low as 60 ppb. The strategy demonstrated a superior anti-interference capability in simulated breath and wine detection systems. Moreover, the high reusability of the chip highlights the significant potential for real-time sensing of gaseous acetic acid.

Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of human herpesvirus 6B encephalitis following transplantation for severe aplastic anemia.

INTRODUCTION: Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) encephalitis is common in immunosuppressed patients and presents a diagnostic challenge for physicians. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) may facilitate early diagnosis of HHV-6B encephalitis. Herein, we described a case of HHV-6B encephalitis following transplantation for severe aplastic anemia (SAA) diagnosed by mNGS. CASE SUMMARY: A 31-year-old male underwent myeloablative haploid hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of SAA. On day + 21 after transplantation, the patient developed symptoms such as sudden epilepsy, drowsiness, memory dislocation, and memory loss. HHV-6B encephalitis was confirmed based on cranial MRI and mNGS of cerebrospinal fluid. Following antiviral therapy with sodium foscarnet, the symptoms improved and HHV-6B was negative by mNGS. There were no serious sequelae. Currently, the patient is in good health and is still under follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A case of HHV-6B encephalitis after SAA transplantation was diagnosed by mNGS of cerebrospinal fluid in time and was effectively treated with sodium foscarnet.

Modified Y-V plasty based on MRU evaluation for iatrogenic bladder outlet obliteration: a multicentre experience in China.

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic ability of traditional radiographic urethrography and magnetic resonance urethrography (MRU) for iatrogenic bladder outlet obliteration (BOO), and explore the efficacy and complications of laparoscopic modified Y-V plasty for patients selected based on MRU evaluation. METHODS: 31 patients with obliteration segments ≤ 2 cm and no false passages or diverticula based on MRU evaluation from eight centers in China were included. Obliteration segments were measured preoperatively by MRU and conventional RUG/VCUG and compared with intra-operative measurements. Surgical effects were evaluated by uroflow rates, urethrography, or cystoscopy at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-operation and then every 12 months. Postoperative urinary continence was assessed by 24-h urine leakage (g/day). RESULTS: The results showed that MRU measured the length of obliteration more accurately than RUG/VCUG (MRU 0.91 ± 0.23 cm, RUG/VCUG 1.72 ± 1.08 cm, Actual length 0.96 ± 0.36 cm, p < 0.001), and clearly detected false passages and diverticula. Laparoscopic Y-V plasty was modified by incisions at 5 and 7 o'clock positions and double-layer suture with barbed sutures. All operations were successfully completed within a median time of 75 (62-192) minutes and without any complications. Urethral patency and urinary continence rates were 90.3% (28/31) and 87.1% (27/31), respectively. Three recurrences were cured by direct visual internal urethrotomy. Four patients had stress urinary incontinence after catheter removal 14 days post-operation, with urine leakage of 80-120 g/day, not relieved during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic modified Y-V plasty based on MRU evaluation is a promising approach for iatrogenic BOO, with a high patency rate and a low incontinence rate.

Urethral Microenvironment Adapted Sodium Alginate/Gelatin/Reduced Graphene Oxide Biomimetic Patch Improves Scarless Urethral Regeneration.

The nasty urine microenvironment (UME) is an inherent obstacle that hinders urethral repair due to fibrosis and swelling of the oftentimes adopted hydrogel-based biomaterials. Here, using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) along with double-freeze-drying to strengthen a 3D-printed patch is reported to realize scarless urethral repair. The sodium alginate/gelatin/reduced graphene oxide (SA/Gel/rGO) biomaterial features tunable stiffness, degradation profile, and anti-fibrosis performance. Interestingly, the 3D-printed alginate-containing composite scaffold is able to respond to Ca2+ present in the urine, leading to enhanced structural stability and strength as well as inhibiting swelling. The investigations present that the swelling behaviors, mechanical properties, and anti-fibrosis efficacy of the SA/Gel/rGO patch can be modulated by varying the concentration of rGO. In particular, rGO in optimal concentration shows excellent cell viability, migration, and proliferation. In-depth mechanistic studies reveal that the activation of cell proliferation and angiogenesis-related proteins, along with inhibition of fibrosis-related gene expressions, play an important role in scarless repair by the 3D-printed SA/Gel/rGO patch via promoting urothelium growth, accelerating angiogenesis, and minimizing fibrosis in vivo. The proposed strategy has the potential of resolving the dilemma of necessary biomaterial stiffness and unwanted fibrosis in urethral repair.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi enhance pine growth by stimulating iron-dependent mechanisms with trade-offs in symbiotic performance.

Iron (Fe) is crucial for metabolic functions of living organisms. Plants access occluded Fe through interactions with rhizosphere microorganisms and symbionts. Yet, the interplay between Fe addition and plant-mycorrhizal interactions, especially the molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhiza-assisted Fe processing in plants, remains largely unexplored. We conducted mesocosms in Pinus plants inoculated with different ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) Suillus species under conditions with and without Fe coatings. Meta-transcriptomic, biogeochemical, and X-ray fluorescence imaging analyses were applied to investigate early-stage mycorrhizal roots. While Fe addition promoted Pinus growth, it concurrently reduced mycorrhiza formation rate, symbiosis-related metabolites in plant roots, and aboveground plant carbon and macronutrient content. This suggested potential trade-offs between Fe-enhanced plant growth and symbiotic performance. However, the extent of this trade-off may depend on interactions between host plants and EMF species. Interestingly, dual EMF species were more effective at facilitating plant Fe uptake by inducing diverse Fe-related functions than single-EMF species. This subsequently triggered various Fe-dependent physiological and biochemical processes in Pinus roots, significantly contributing to Pinus growth. However, this resulted in a greater carbon allocation to roots, relatively reducing the aboveground plant carbon content. Our study offers critical insights into how EMF communities rebalance benefits of Fe-induced effects on symbiotic partners.

Four-dimensional hydrogel dressing adaptable to the urethral microenvironment for scarless urethral reconstruction.

The harsh urethral microenvironment (UME) after trauma severely hinders the current hydrogel-based urethral repair. In fact, four-dimensional (4D) consideration to mimic time-dependent physiological processes is essential for scarless urethral reconstruction, which requires balancing extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodeling at different healing stages. In this study, we develop a UME-adaptable 4D hydrogel dressing to sequentially provide an early-vascularized microenvironment and later-antifibrogenic microenvironment for scarless urethral reconstruction. With the combination of dynamic boronic ester crosslinking and covalent photopolymerization, the resultant gelatin methacryloyl phenylboronic acid/cis-diol-crosslinked (GMPD) hydrogels exhibit mussel-mimetic viscoelasticity, satisfactory adhesion, and acid-reinforced stability, which can adapt to harsh UME. In addition, a temporally on-demand regulatory (TOR) technical platform is introduced into GMPD hydrogels to create a time-dependent 4D microenvironment. As a result, physiological urethral recovery is successfully mimicked by means of an early-vascularized microenvironment to promote wound healing by activating the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway, as well as a later-antifibrogenic microenvironment to prevent hypertrophic scar formation by timing transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß) signaling pathway inhibition. Both in vitro molecular mechanisms of the physiological healing process and in vivo scarless urethral reconstruction in a rabbit model are effectively verified, providing a promising alternative for urethral injury treatment.

Injectable Decellularized Extracellular Matrix-Based Bio-Ink with Excellent Biocompatibility for Scarless Urethra Repair.

In recent years, decellularized extracellular matrices (dECM) derived from organs have attracted much attention from researchers due to their excellent biocompatibility, capacity to promote cell proliferation and migration, as well as pro-vascularization. However, their inferior mechanical properties, slow cross-linking, weak strengths, and poor supporting properties remain their inevitable challenges. In our study, we fabricated a novel dECM hydrogel with better crosslinking strength and speed, stronger support properties, and better mechanical properties. The hydrogel, which we named gelatin-based dECM powder hydrogel (gelatin-dECM hydrogel), was prepared by mixing dECM microparticles in gelatin solution and adding certain amount of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl-1-carbodiimide) (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). We evaluated the utility of this hydrogel by assessing the degradation rate, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. The results showed that the gelatin-dECM hydrogel has high mechanical properties and biocompatibility and also has the ability to promote cell proliferation and migration. After injection of this hydrogel around the surgical sites of urethras in rabbits, the incorporation of dECM powder was demonstrated to promote angiogenesis as well as scarless repair by histological sections after surgery. The application of this novel hydrogel provides a new perspective for the treatment of post-traumatic urethral stricture.

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Facilitate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Proliferation via the Jagged-1/Notch-1/Hes Signaling Pathway.

Background: Poor graft function (PGF) is a life-threatening complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Current therapies, such as CD34+ cell infusion, have shown limited effectiveness. Conversely, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show potential in addressing PGF. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) effectively support long-term hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the long-term hematopoietic support provided by ADSCs. Methods: ADSCs were isolated from mice and subsequently identified. In vitro experiments involved coculturing ADSCs as feeders with Lin-Sca-1+c-kit+ (LSK) cells from mice for 2 and 5 weeks. The number of LSK cells was quantified after coculture. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to observe the interaction between ADSCs and LSK cells. Hes-1 expression was assessed using western blot and real-time quantitative PCR. An γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) was used to confirm the involvement of the Jagged-1/Notch-1/Hes-1 pathway in LSK cell expansion. Additionally, Jagged-1 was knocked down in ADSCs to demonstrate its significance in ADSC-mediated hematopoietic support. In vivo experiments were conducted to study the hematopoietic support provided by ADSCs through the infusion of LSK, LSK + fibroblasts, and LSK + ADSCs, respectively. Mouse survival, platelet count, leukocyte count, and hemoglobin levels were monitored. Results: ADSCs showed high-Jagged-1 expression and promoted LSK cell proliferation. There was a direct interaction between ADSCs and LSK cells. After coculture, Hes-1 expression increased in LSK cells. Moreover, GSI-reduced LSK cell proliferation and Hes-1 expression. Knockdown of Jagged-1 attenuated ADSCs-mediated promotion of LSK cell proliferation. Furthermore, ADSCs facilitated hematopoietic recovery and promoted the survival of NOD/SCID mice. Conclusion: The hematopoietic support provided by ADSCs both in vivo and in vitro may be mediated, at least in part, through the Jagged-1/Notch-1 signaling pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying ADSCs-mediated hematopoietic support and may have implications for improving the treatment of PGF following HSCT.

The prognostic value of the tertiary lymphoid structure in gastrointestinal cancers.

Background: Numerous studies and research papers have provided evidence suggesting that tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) play a crucial role in combating and suppressing tumor growth and progression. Despite the wealth of information on the significance of TLS in various types of cancer, their prognostic value in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers remains uncertain. Therefore, this meta-analysis investigated the prognostic value of TLS in GI cancers. Methods: We searched Web of science, Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library for studies that met the requirements as of May 1, 2023, and the hazard ratio (HR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were included in the analysis. The bioinformatics analysis results based on the TCGA database are used to supplement our research. Results: The meta-analysis included 32 studies involving 5778 patients. The results of comprehensive analysis showed that TLS-High is associated with prolonged OS (HR=0.525,95%CI:0.447-0.616 (P < 0.001), RFS (HR=0.546,95%CI:0.461-0.647, P < 0.001), DFS (HR=0.519,95%CI:0.417-0.646, P < 0.001) and PFS (HR=0.588,95%CI:0.406-0.852, P=0.005) in GI cancer. Among the patients who received immunotherapy, TLS-High is associated with significantly prolonged OS (HR=0.475, 95%CI:0.282-0.799, P=0.005) and PFS(HR=0.576, 95%CI:0.381-0.871, P=0.009). It is worth noting that subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between TLS and OS(HR=0.775, 95%CI:0.570-1.053,P=0.103) in CRC. And when Present is used as the cut-off criteria of TLS, there is no significant correlation between TLS and OS (HR=0.850, 95%CI:0.721-1.002, P=0.053)in HCC. Conclusion: TLS is a significant predictor of the prognosis of GI cancers and has the potential to become a prognostic biomarker of immunotherapy-related patients. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDetails, identifier CRD42023443562.

Elevational changes in soil properties shaping fungal community assemblages in terrestrial forest.

Environmental variables shifted by climate change act as driving factors in determining plant-associated microbial communities in terrestrial ecosystems. However, how elevation-induced changes in soil properties shape the microbial community in forest ecosystems remains less understood. Thus, the Pinus tabuliformis forests at elevations of 1500 m, 1900 m, and 2300 m above sea level were investigated to explore the effect of environmental factors on microbial assemblage. Significant changes in the soil physicochemical properties were found across the investigated elevations, such as soil moisture, temperature, pH, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). Soil enzymatic activities, including soil sucrase, phosphatase, and dehydrogenase, were significantly affected by elevation, and sucrase showed a linear correlation with soil organic matter. Furthermore, the richness of fungal communities in the rhizosphere was decreased as elevation increased, while a humpback pattern was found for roots. Certain core microbiota members, such as Agaricomycetes, Leotiomycetes, and Pezizomycetes, were crucial in maintaining a stable ecological niche in both the root and rhizosphere. We also found that shifting of fungal communities in the rhizosphere were more related to physical properties (e.g., pH, soil moisture, and soil temperature), while changes in root fungal communities along elevation gradient were related mostly to soil nutrients (e.g., soil N and P). Overall, this study demonstrates that the assemblage of the root and rhizosphere fungal communities in P. tabuliformis forest primarily depends on elevation-induced changes in environmental variables and highlights the importance of predicting fungal responses to future climate change.

Hydrogels for 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Current progress and challenges.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising and innovative biomanufacturing technology, which can achieve precise position controlling of cells and extracellular matrix components, and further create complex and functional multi-cellular tissues or organs in a 3D environment. Bioink in the form of the cell-loaded hydrogel is most commonly used in bioprinting, and it is vital to the process of bioprinting. The bionic scaffold should possess suitable mechanical strength, biocompatibility, cell proliferation, survival, and other biological characteristics. The disadvantages of natural polymer hydrogel materials include poor mechanical properties as well as low printing performance and shape fidelity. Over the past years, a series of synthetic, modified, and nanocomposite hydrogels have been developed, which can interact through physical interactions, chemical covalent bond crosslinking, and bioconjugation reactions to change the characteristics to satisfy the requirements. In this review, a comprehensive summary is provided on recent research regarding the unique properties of hydrogel bioinks for bioprinting, with optimized methods and technologies highlighted, which have both high-value research significance and potential clinical applications. A critical analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each hydrogel-based biomaterial ink is presented at the beginning or end of each section, alongside the latest improvement strategies employed by current researchers to address their respective shortcomings. Furthermore, we propose potential repair sites for each hydrogel-based ink based on their distinctive repair features, while reflecting on current research limitations. Finally, we synthesize and analyze expert opinions on the future of these hydrogel-based bioinks in the broader context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, offering valuable insights for future investigations.

Review on Additives in Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting of Regenerative Medicine: From Mechanism to Methodology.

The regeneration of biological tissues in medicine is challenging, and 3D bioprinting offers an innovative way to create functional multicellular tissues. One common way in bioprinting is bioink, which is one type of the cell-loaded hydrogel. For clinical application, however, the bioprinting still suffers from satisfactory performance, e.g., in vascularization, effective antibacterial, immunomodulation, and regulation of collagen deposition. Many studies incorporated different bioactive materials into the 3D-printed scaffolds to optimize the bioprinting. Here, we reviewed a variety of additives added to the 3D bioprinting hydrogel. The underlying mechanisms and methodology for biological regeneration are important and will provide a useful basis for future research.

A probe into the developmental pattern of public art education in colleges and universities from the perspective of new media.

The integration of public art education and new media in colleges and universities remains a trend which cannot be stopped. As new media has had a beneficial impact on teaching content, forms of teaching, and teaching effects, it has also created various challenges for public art education in colleges and universities. While investigating the current state of integrating new media with public art education in colleges and universities, it was found that the impact of new media benefits more than it harms, whether it be online, in-person, theoretical, or practical teaching. Based on the current state, future policy focus, the direction of new media's changes, and the depth of cultural and art resources, new media and public art education in colleges and universities will continue to deepen integration and show further improvement. Using a survey of more than a dozen universities in the Jiangsu Province and the results of a questionnaire survey of 116 college students, this paper probes into the changes in public art education in colleges and universities in the new media era and explores the future developmental pattern of public art education in colleges and universities both internally and externally.

Development of Achieving Constancy in Lexical Tone Identification With Contextual Cues.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore when and how Mandarin-speaking children use contextual cues to normalize speech variability in perceiving lexical tones. Two different cognitive mechanisms underlying speech normalization (lower level acoustic normalization and higher level acoustic-phonemic normalization) were investigated through the lexical tone identification task in nonspeech contexts and speech contexts, respectively. Besides, another aim of this study was to reveal how domain-general cognitive abilities contribute to the development of the speech normalization process. METHOD: In this study, 94 five- to eight-year-old Mandarin-speaking children (50 boys, 44 girls) and 24 young adults (14 men, 10 women) were asked to identify ambiguous Mandarin high-level and mid-rising tones in either speech or nonspeech contexts. Furthermore, in this study, we tested participants' pitch sensitivity through a nonlinguistic pitch discrimination task and their working memory using the digit span task. RESULTS: Higher level acoustic-phonemic normalization of lexical tones emerged at the age of 6 years and was relatively stable thereafter. However, lower level acoustic normalization was less stable across different ages. Neither pitch sensitivity nor working memory affected children's lexical tone normalization. CONCLUSIONS: Mandarin-speaking children above 6 years of age successfully achieved constancy in lexical tone normalization based on speech contextual cues. The perceptual normalization of lexical tones was not affected by pitch sensitivity and working memory capacity.

Application of 3D printed pelvic fracture related urethra and surrounding tissue as preoperative planning model.

OBJECTIVE: Urethral stenosis caused by pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) is a complex urological disease, especially for the redo cased. However, to find the proximal end of the posterior urethra, and to avoid injury to the rectum and to forecast to remove the inferior pubic margin are two key points for a successful surgery. These steps can be challenging for even the most experienced urologists. This study is to describe a new technique for understanding the three-dimensional (3D) anatomy of the urethra, which will also aid in surgical planning and simplify urethroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three patients underwent routine urethroscopy, X ray urethrography and contrast CT urethrography. The 3D images were then reconstructed, and the data were transmitted to a 3D printer. 3D models were printed with polyacrylic acid to simulate the anatomical structure and relationship of urethral stenosis with pubic symphysis and rectum. Various diagnosis methods were compared with the condition in surgery. The patients and trainee questionnaires were performed. RESULTS: Three models of urethral CT were obtained. These models were presented to patients and trainee doctors along with routine urethroscopy, urethrography, and urethral CT. The scores of patients and trainee question forms demonstrated that the 3D printed urethral stenosis model of pelvic fracture has obvious advantages in urethral adjacency and ease of understanding. The 3D printed urethras were easy to show the pubic symphysis and simulate its excision and exposure of urethra. The model could show the precise distance from urethra to rectum to prevent the rectum injury in surgery. CONCLUSIONS: 3D printing technology can be applied to the preoperative evaluation of urethral stenosis caused by PFUI. It can be auxiliary to understand the anatomical structure of the posterior urethra, the direction of urethral displacement, protecting the rectum and the forecasting for pubectomy. It is especially helpful for the accurate preoperative planning of some complex urethral stenosis and redo cases.

Microbial community dynamics responding to nutrient allocation associated with soybean cultivar 'Jake' ozone adaptation.

Tropospheric ozone (O3), a major air pollutant, leads to significant global yield loss in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Soybean cultivar 'Jake' shows O3 resilient traits in above-ground organs, but the root system remains sensitive to elevated O3 (eO3). Changing carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) resource composition during eO3 stress suggests that eO3 presumably alters belowground soil microbial communities and their driven nutrient transformation. Yet, the responses of belowground microbes to eO3 and their feedback on nutrient cycling in 'Jake' are unknown. In this study, we holistically investigated soil microbial communities associated with C and N dynamics and bacterial-fungal inter-kingdom networks in the rhizosphere and bulk soil at different developmental stages of 'Jake' grown under sub-ambient O3 [charcoal-filtered (CF) air, 12 h mean: 20 ppb] or eO3 (12 h mean: 87 ppb). The results demonstrated eO3 significantly decreased fungal diversity and complexity of microbial networks at different 'Jake' developmental stages, whereas bacterial diversity was more tolerant to eO3 in both bulk soil and rhizosphere. In the bulk soil, no O3-responsive microbial biomarkers were found to be associated with C and N content, implying eO3 may stimulate niche-based processes during 'Jake' growth. In contrast, this study identified O3-responsive microbial biomarkers that may contribute to the N acquisition (Chloroflexales) and C dynamics (Caldilineales, Thermomicrobiales, and Hypocreales) in the rhizosphere, which may support the O3 resilience of the 'Jake' cultivar. However, further investigation is required to confirm their specific contributions by determining changes in microbial gene expression. Overall, these findings conduce to an expanding knowledge base that O3 induces temporal and spatial changes in the effects of microbial and nutrient networks in the O3-tolerant agriculture ecosystems.