Effects of oxygen content on gaseous and solid products during molten salt oxidation of cation exchange resins.

Molten salt oxidation (MSO) is an advanced method for waste resins treatment; nevertheless, the research about gas product variations of resins under different stoichiometric air feed coefficient (α) is rare. The optimal working condition of hazardous waste disposal is obtained through thermodynamic equilibrium calculation, and the method to improve the treatment efficiency is found to guide the optimization of the actual experiment. In this paper, Fact Sage was used to calculate the oxidation products of cation exchange resins (CERs) at different temperatures and α, focusing on the similarities and differences through the contents of CO, CH4, CO2, and SO2 during the oxidation of CERs, the MSO of CERs, and the theoretical calculation. The results indicated that the gas products of the calculation and reality of the oxidation process of CERs are quite different, while the CO contents of CERs during MSO are close to the calculated values. The main reason for this consequence is that in the oxidation process of CERs, the S in the sulfonic acid group will form thermally stable C-S with the styrene-divinylbenzene skeleton. Moreover, the introduction of carbonate can promote the destruction of C-S and absorb SO2 as sulfate, weakening the influence of C-S on the oxidation products of CERs. The gas chromatograph results indicated that the SO2 content is reduced from 0.66% in the process of CERs oxidation to 0.28% in MSO of CERs. When 1.25 times stoichiometric air feed coefficient is fed, the sulfate content in the carbonate is the highest at 900 °C, which is 23.4%.

Catalytic effect of cesium on the oxidation behavior of cation exchange resins in Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 melt.

After the treatment of liquid radioactive waste, there is a certain amount of Cs in the waste resin, and these Cs-doped resins are prone to volatilize during the thermal treatment process and cause radionuclide leakage. The molten salt oxidation (MSO) can effectively prevent the volatilization of toxic metal, especially the volatilization of Cs. Under nitrogen and air conditions, it is found that the oxidation behavior between Cs-doped and clean cation exchange resins (CERs) is quite different. In the presence of oxygen and molten carbonate salt, Cs2CO3 is generated by the destruction of functional groups in Cs-doped CERs. The Cs2CO3 in Na2CO3-K2CO3-Li2CO3 reacts with oxygen to form Li2O2, which reduces the content of S in residue from 26.33 to 13.38% in air conditions at 400 °C and promotes the generation of sulfate in the molten carbonate salt. The elements Cs and S in the Cs doped CERs spontaneously form thermally stable Cs2SO4 in the molten carbonate salt.

Electrochemical preparation and properties of a Mg-Li-Y alloy via co-reduction of Mg(ii) and Y(iii) in chloride melts.

Mg-Li based alloys have been widely used in various fields. However, the widespread use of Mg-Li based alloys were restricted by their poor properties. The addition of rare earth element in Mg-Li can significantly improve the properties of alloys. In the present work, different electrochemical methods were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of Y(iii) on the W electrode in LiCl-KCl melts and LiCl-KCl-MgCl2 melts. In LiCl-KCl melts, typical cyclic voltammetry was used to study the electrochemical mechanism and thermodynamic parameters for the reduction of Y(iii) to metallic Y. In LiCl-KCl-MgCl2 melts, the formation mechanism of Mg-Y intermetallic compounds was investigated, and the results showed that only one kind of Mg-Y intermetallic compound was formed under our experimental conditions. Mg-Li-Y alloys were prepared via galvanostatic electrolysis, and XRD and SEM equipped with EDS analysis were used to analyze the samples. Because of the restrictions of EDS analysis, ICP-AES was used to analyze the Li content in Mg-Li-Y alloys. The microhardness and Young's modulus of the Mg-Li-Y alloys were then evaluated.

A Large Institutional Study on Outcomes and Complications after Transcatheter Closure of a Perimembranous-Type Ventricular Septal Defect in 890 Cases.

PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence, cause, and prevention of complications associated with interventional therapy for perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pmVSDs). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 890 patients with pmVSDs after interventional therapy. The complications were then analyzed by electrocardiography and echocardiography during or after interventional therapy. During the follow-up period of 12-52 (mean of 26.9 ± 21.6) months, the technical success rate was 97.9% (871/890). RESULTS: The incidence of serious complication was 1.12% (10/890), including five cases of third-degree atrioventricular block, two of severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, one of cerebral infarction in the basal ganglia area, and two of femoral artery thrombosis. No death was reported during patient follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter closure of pmVSDs in selected patients was found to be effective and safe. KEY WORDS: Complication; Interventional therapy; Ventricular septal defect.

Electrochemical formation of Mg-Li-Ca alloys by codeposition of Mg, Li and Ca from LiCl-KCl-MgCl2-CaCl2 melts.

This work presents electrochemical formation of Mg-Li-Ca alloys via codeposition of Mg, Li and Ca on a molybdenum electrode in KCl-LiCl-MgCl(2)-CaCl(2) melts at 943 K. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) showed that the underpotential deposition (UPD) of calcium on pre-deposited magnesium leads to the formation of a liquid Mg-Ca alloy, and the succeeding underpotential deposition of lithium on pre-deposited Mg-Ca alloy leads to the formation of a liquid Mg-Li-Ca solution. Chronopotentiometric measurements indicated that the codepositon of Mg, Li and Ca occurs at current densities more negative than -0.31 A cm(-2) in LiCl-KCl-MgCl(2) (5 wt%) melts containing 1 wt% CaCl(2). Chronoamperograms demonstrated that the onset potential for the codeposition of Mg, Li and Ca is -2.200 V, and the codeposition of Mg, Li and Ca is formed when the applied potentials are more negative than -2.200 V. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that Mg-Li-Ca alloys with different phases were formed via galvanostatic electrolysis. The microstructures of typical alpha and beta phases of Mg-Li-Ca alloys were characterized by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis of energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) showed that the element Ca mainly distributes along grain boundary in Mg-Li-Ca alloys. The results of inductively coupled plasma analysis determined that the chemical compositions of Mg-Li-Ca alloys correspond with the phase structures of XRD patterns, and the lithium and calcium contents of Mg-Li-Ca alloys depend on the concentrations of MgCl(2) and CaCl(2).

[Computational study on the electronic absorption transitions for 2,3-diaryl maleic anhydrides].

The electronic absorption transitions for 2, 3-bis (2, 4-dimethylthiophen-3-yl) maleic anhydride were calculated by time-dependent method with 6-31G(d) basis at structures optimized at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The S1, S2, and S3 transitions calculated for the open and the closed forms of the compound are 390, 360.5, 339.4; 584.6, 395.8, 370.2 nm, respectively. The results are comparable to the electronic absorption spectrum of 2,3-bis(2,4,5-trimethylthiophen-3-yl) maleic anhydride which bears extra methyl groups that should not have much effects on the spectrum. The oscillator strengths are well correlated to the spectrum peak heights.