ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patterns of insulin secretion in pregnancy and analyze the association between insulin patterns and risks of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: A prospective study was conducted to collect and analyze pregnant women's materials from January 2015 to December 2018. Pregnant women were grouped according to results of 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy: normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and GDM. Insulin secretion patterns were based on the time of peak(s) and shape of insulin secretion curve. The relationship between insulin secretion patterns and pregnant outcomes was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 2432 pregnant women met the inclusion criteria during the study period. Among them, 737 (30.3%) women were grouped as GDM and 1695 (69.7%) as NGT. Type I insulin secretion represented the early phase of insulin secretion (peak time at 30 or 60 minutes), while type II represented the delayed peak of insulin secretion (peak time at 120 or 180 minutes). Logistic regression analysis showed that type II insulin secretion was a risk factor of pre-eclampsia, large-for-gestational-age, and neonatal hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION: The delayed insulin peak is a useful marker for risk of GDM and adverse pregnant outcomes in women with GDM.
Subject(s)
Diabetes, Gestational/epidemiology , Insulin Secretion/physiology , Insulin/metabolism , Adult , Blood Glucose , Female , Glucose Tolerance Test , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/epidemiology , Insulin Resistance , Pregnancy , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Menaquinone (MK) was an attractive membrane-bound intracellular chemical. To enhance its production, we tried to find the relationship between its synthesis and the state of cell membrane in producing strain. Due to non-ionic surfactant-polyoxyethylene oleyl ether (POE) and plant oil-cedar wood oil (CWO) can typically increase extracellular secretion and intracellular synthesis of MK respectively, the effect of these two substances on cell morphology, physical properties of cell membrane was investigated. Finally, two engineering strains were constructed to verify whether the state of cell membrane can enhance MK synthesis. The result showed that the edge of cells was broken when POE added in the medium. Other physical properties such as total fatty acid content decreased by 40.7% and the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids decreased from 1.58 ± 0.05 to 1.31 ± 0.04. Meanwhile, cell membrane leakage was enhanced from 7.14 to 64.31%. Different from POE group, cell membrane was intact in CWO group. Moreover, the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids increased from 1.58 ± 0.05 to 1.78 ± 0.04 and the average lipid length decreased from 16.05 ± 0.08 to 15.99 ± 0.10. Two constructed strains, especially Escherichia coli DH5α FatB, exhibited strong MK secretion ability and the extracellular MK reached 10.71 ± 0.19 mg/L. An understanding of these functionary mechanisms could not only provide a new idea for the synthesis of MK, but also provide a reference to increase the yield of intracellular membrane-bound metabolites.
