[Land use pattern of Dalian City, Liaoning Province of Northeast China based on CA-Markov model and multi-objective optimization].

Based on the land use/cover maps of 1990, 2000, and 2010, topographic factors, and geographic elements, a CA-Markov model consisting of Markov transition matrix, multi-criteria evaluation, and cellular automata was developed to simulate the change trends of the future land use and landscape patterns of Dalian, Liaoning Province. The future land use pattern of Dalian was optimally allocated by the method of fuzzy multi-objective programming, based on the characters of land use structure, society, economy, and natural environment. The results indicated that in 1990-2010, the rapid development of Dalian showed the characteristics of the continued expansion of urban area and the reduction of cropland and woodland area. With the present speed of urban development, the landscape pattern and land use cover would have a great change, and the landscape fragmentation would be exacerbated. To optimize the land use structure could meet the demand of the future sustainable development of Dalian.

Management of occupational exposure to engineered nanoparticles through a chance-constrained nonlinear programming approach.

Critical environmental and human health concerns are associated with the rapidly growing fields of nanotechnology and manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs). The main risk arises from occupational exposure via chronic inhalation of nanoparticles. This research presents a chance-constrained nonlinear programming (CCNLP) optimization approach, which is developed to maximize the nanaomaterial production and minimize the risks of workplace exposure to MNMs. The CCNLP method integrates nonlinear programming (NLP) and chance-constrained programming (CCP), and handles uncertainties associated with both the nanomaterial production and workplace exposure control. The CCNLP method was examined through a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) manufacturing process. The study results provide optimal production strategies and alternatives. It reveal that a high control measure guarantees that environmental health and safety (EHS) standards regulations are met, while a lower control level leads to increased risk of violating EHS regulations. The CCNLP optimization approach is a decision support tool for the optimization of the increasing MNMS manufacturing with workplace safety constraints under uncertainties.

Aqua-chlorido(3,5-dinitro-2-oxidobenzo-ato-κ(2)O(1),O(2))(1,10-phenanthroline-κ(2)N,N')chromium(III).

In the title compound, [Cr(C(7)H(2)N(2)O(7))Cl(C(12)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)], the Cr(III) atom displays a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry, with the chelating phenantroline and 3,5-dinitro-salicylate ligands in trans positions. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional framework parallel to (100). In addition, there are π-π stacking inter-actions between phenanthroline ligands along the c axis, with a mean inter-planar distance of 3.456 (4) Å.

2-(2-Pyrid-yl)pyridinium (2,2'-bipyridine-κN,N')tetra-kis-(nitrato-κO,O')bis-muthate(III).

The structure of the title compound, (C(10)H(9)N(2))[Bi(NO(3))(4)(C(10)H(8)N(2))], consists of 2-(2-pyrid-yl)pyridinium cations and anions [Bi(NO(3))(4)(C(10)H(8)N(2))](-). The Bi(3+) ion lies on the twofold axis. It is coordinated by two nitro-gen atoms from one 2,2'-bipyridine ligand and eight oxygen atoms from four NO(3) (-) anions. The disordered cation is positioned at the inversion centre. The [Bi(NO(3))(4)(C(10)H(8)N(2))](-) anions and 2-(2-pyrid-yl)pyridinium cations are connected via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains. Moreover, these chains are further linked into a two-dimensional layered structure through π-π stacking inter-actions between bipyridine ligands along the c axis [centroid-centroid distance = 2.868 (4) Å].