Dynamics of respiratory infectious diseases under rapid urbanization and COVID-19 pandemic in the subcenter of Beijing during 2014-2022.

Objective: The study analyzed the impact of urbanization on epidemiological characteristics of respiratory infectious disease in Tongzhou District, Beijing during 2014-2022 to provide reference for prevention and control priorities of respiratory infectious diseases during the innovative urbanization process in China. Methods: The incidence data of notifiable respiratory infectious diseases (NRIDs) in Tongzhou Beijing during 2014-2022 were summarized. The trend of incidence rate was analyzed by Joinpoint regression model, and entropy method was performed to construct the comprehensive index of urbanization (CIU) and generalized linear model was used to analyze the influence of CIU on the incidence rate of respiratory infectious diseases. Results: Totally 72616 NRIDs cases were reported in Tongzhou District during 2014-2022, and the incidence rate of NRIDs was higher during 2017-2019 (153/100 000) than during 2014-2016 (930/100 000) and during 2020-2022 (371/100 000), respectively (both P < 0.001). The CIU constantly increased with slight fluctuation in 2016 and 2018, respectively. The incidence rate of NRIDs showed an increase along with the CIU during 2014-2019 (r = 0.95, P = 0.004), while the incidence rate's tendency was interrupted by COVID-19 during 2020 with slight decrease in 2020-2021 and rebounded in 2022. For the patients aged <15 years, the incidence rate of NRIDs revealed a very sharp rise at the urbanization period without COVID-19 pandemic compared with that under pre-urbanization period (RR = 7.93, 95 % CI 7.63-8.24), and dropped off to the similar level as of pre-urbanization period when COVID-19 pandemic spread. Conclusions: Urbanization process may increase the incidence of NRIDs but constrained by COVID-19. Certain measures should be taken to prevent and control the effects by urbanization process, such as good natural environment with less population density, ecological environment with good air quality, promoted hand hygiene, mask wearing, keeping interpersonal distance, vaccination, media publicity for NRIDs' prevention and control.

Effectiveness of momentary intervention on influenza vaccination among the elderly in China: From willingness to action.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of momentary intervention on the willingness and actual uptake of influenza vaccination among the elderly in China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study assessed the willingness of the elderly to receive influenza vaccination, and an momentary intervention aimed to increase vaccination willingness among those initially unwilling. The elderly reporting a willingness were offered free influenza vaccination through a community intervention program. RESULTS: A total of 3138 participants were recruited in this study, and 61.3 % (95 % CI 59.6 %-63.0 %) were willing to receive influenza vaccination at baseline. The willingness rate of influenza vaccination increased to 79.8 % (95 % CI 78.4 %-81.2 %), with an increase of 18.5 % (95 % CI 16.3 %-20.7 %) after momentary intervention. The influenza vaccination rate was 40.4 % (95 % CI 38.5 %-42.3 %) before and 53.9 % (95 % CI 52.0 %-55.8 %) after momentary intervention with an increase of 13.5 % (95 % CI 10.9 %-16.2 %). There was no significant difference in influenza vaccination rates between the initially willing people and those who changed to be willing to receive influenza vaccination after momentary intervention (vaccination rates: 78.0 % vs. 81.3 %). CONCLUSION: Momentary intervention has been shown to effectively enhance the willingness of the elderly to receive influenza vaccination, thereby facilitating the translation of this intention into actual behavior.

Lipidome is a valuable tool for the severity prediction of coronavirus disease 2019.

Objective: To describe the lipid metabolic profile of different patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and contribute new evidence on the progression and severity prediction of COVID-19. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Peking University Third Hospital, China. The laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients aged ≥18 years old and diagnosed as pneumonia from December 2022 to January 2023 were included. Serum lipids were detected. The discrimination ability was calculated with the area under the curve (AUC). A random forest (RF) model was conducted to determine the significance of different lipids. Results: Totally, 44 COVID-19 patients were enrolled with 16 mild and 28 severe patients. The top 5 super classes were triacylglycerols (TAG, 55.9%), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE, 10.9%), phosphatidylcholines (PC, 6.8%), diacylglycerols (DAG, 5.9%) and free fatty acids (FFA, 3.6%) among the 778 detected lipids from the serum of COVID-19 patients. Certain lipids, especially lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), turned to have significant correlations with certain immune/cytokine indexes. Reduced level of LPC 20:0 was observed in severe patients particularly in acute stage. The AUC of LPC 20:0 reached 0.940 in discriminating mild and severe patients and 0.807 in discriminating acute and recovery stages in the severe patients. The results of RF models also suggested the significance of LPCs in predicting the severity and progression of COVID-19. Conclusion: Lipids probably have the potential to differentiate and forecast the severity, progression, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients, with implications for immune/inflammatory responses. LPC 20:0 might be a potential target in predicting the progression and outcome and the treatment of COVID-19.

Protective effect of PCV13 against all-cause hospitalized pneumonia in children in Beijing, China: real-world evidence.

BACKGROUND: The study evaluated the protective effect of 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV13) against all-cause hospitalized pneumonia in children in Beijing. METHODS: Based on the vaccination record and inpatient medical record database of Beijing, children born in 2017 in Beijing, matched by age, gender, and district of the children with the ratio of 1:4, were selected as the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups according whether if vaccinated with PCV13. The incidence rate and 95 % confidence interval (95 %CI), vaccine effectiveness (VE) and direct medical costs of all-cause hospitalized pneumonia were calculated and compared within the same period of 12 months, 18 months, 24 months and 30 months after the birth of the child. RESULTS: The decreased incidence rates of all-cause hospitalized pneumonia were observed at the four points in the PCV13 vaccinated group compared to the unvaccinated group, which were significant at the points of 12 months (0.42 % vs. 0.72 %, P = 0.001), 18 months (0.90 % vs. 1.26 %, P = 0.002) and 24 months (1.37 % vs. 1.65 %, P = 0.046). The VE of PCV13 against all-cause hospitalized pneumonia within 12 months was the highest as 41.9 % (95 % CI 19.6 %, 58.0 %), followed by 29.3 % (95 % CI 11.4 %, 43.5 %) within 18 months, 17.1 % (95 % CI 0.3 %, 31.1 %) within 24 months and it almost disappeared within 30 months. The VE of 4-dose vaccination within 18 months and 24 months were 39.9 % (95 % CI 20.3 %, 54.7 %) and 27.2 % (95 % CI 8.6 %, 42.0 %), respectively. The median hospitalization cost of the children in the vaccinated group was higher at the four points but without significance. CONCLUSIONS: PCV13 had a certain protective effect on all-cause hospitalized pneumonia, and the booster immunization strategy had the best protective effect with great public health significance to enter the immunization program.

Mass immunisation to eradicate Japanese encephalitis: Real-world evidence from Guizhou Province in 2005-2021.

Objectives: To explore epidemiological changes of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in a long-time span and evaluate the impact of mass immunisation. Method: Data on JE cases from hospitals and the county Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Guizhou Province was collected between 2005 and 2021. Epidemiological changes were analyzed according to a series of policy implementations and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Results: A total of 5138 JE cases and 152 deaths were reported in Guizhou Province during 2005-2021. The average incidence and case fatality rates were 0.83/100,000 and 2.96%, respectively. The JE prevalence showed a declining trend over the years with the reduced incidence gap between age groups and narrowing of the high-epidemic regions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the JE activity reached its nadir in 2020. The inclusion in the Expanded Program on Immunization of the JE vaccine and catch-up immunisations showed a significant impact on the JE declining incidence rate. Conclusions: The implementation of JE immunisation programs has played a crucial role in controlling its spread. Continued efforts should be made to maintain high coverage of the JE vaccine and strengthen disease surveillance systems, ensuring JE effective control and eventual elimination.

Detecting and genotyping high-risk human papillomavirus among male patients during 2015-2023 in Beijing, China.

Few studies focused on human papillomavirus (HPV) in male patients. This study aimed to explore the detection rate and genotyping of HPV among male patients in Beijing to provide a reference for formulating prevention strategies for HPV infection. The cross-sectional study was conducted in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from November 2015 to March 2023. It covered male patients from the urology and dermatology departments. Fifteen high-risk HPV genotypes were detected by the multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction method. The overall detection rate of HPV was 25.19% (1288/5114, 95% confidence interval [CI] 24.00%-26.38%), of which the single infection rate was 16.99% (869/5114, 95% CI 15.97%-18.05%) and the co-infection rate was 8.19% (419/5114, 95% CI 7.46%-8.98%). The detection rate of HPV was 40.77% (521/1278), 35.58% (58/163), 32.69% (101/309), 31.91% (60/188), 12.63% (299/2367), and 32.35% (131/405) among male patients with balanitis, warts, rash, urethritis, prostatitis, and other urinary inflammation, respectively (P < 0.001). The top five HPV genotypes were HPV-52, HPV-58, HPV-16, HPV-51, and HPV-66. After the first positive HPV test, the proportion of male patients who turned negative was 22.47% within 3 months, 26.40% within 3-6 months, 24.72% within 6-12 months, 17.98% within 12-24 months, and 8.43% more than 24 months. The detection rate of HPV was high among male patients from the urology and dermatology departments in Beijing, which should be considered to develop HPV vaccines with better prevention effects.

Plasma Metabonomics of Human Adenovirus-infected Patients with Pneumonia and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection.

OBJECTIVE: Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection is common and can develop to serious conditions with high mortality, yet the mechanism of HAdV infection remains unclear. In the present study, the serum metabolite profiles of HAdV-7-infected patients with pneumonia or upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) were explored. METHODS: In total, 35 patients were enrolled in the study following an outbreak of HAdV-7 in the army, of whom 14 had pneumonia and 21 had URTI. Blood samples were collected at the acute stage and at the recovery stage and were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics. RESULTS: Over 90% of the differential metabolites identified between the pneumonia patients and URTI patients were lipids and lipid-like molecules, including glycerophospholipids, fatty acyls, and sphingolipids. The metabolic pathways that were significantly enriched were primarily the lipid metabolism pathways, including sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. The sphingolipid metabolism was identified as a significantly differential pathway between the pneumonia patients and URTI patients and between the acute and recovery stages for the pneumonia patients, but not between the acute and recovery stages for the URTI patients. Ceramide and lactosylceramide, involved in sphingolipid metabolism, were significantly higher in the pneumonia patients than in the URTI patients with good discrimination abilities [area under curve (AUC) 0.742 and 0.716, respectively; combination AUC 0.801]. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that HAdV modulated lipid metabolism for both the patients with URTI and pneumonia, especially the sphingolipid metabolism involving ceramide and lactosylceramide, which might thus be a potential intervention target in the treatment of HAdV infection.

Metabolic alterations in urine among the patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) remained unclear. We aimed to profile the metabolic alterations in urine of SFTS patients and provide new evidence for its pathogenesis. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in the 154th hospital in China. Totally 88 cases and 22 controls aged ≥ 18 years were enrolled. The cases were selected from laboratory-confirmed SFTS patients. The controls were selected among SFTSV-negative population. Those with diabetes, cancer, hepatitis and other sexually transmitted diseases were excluded in both groups. Fatal cases and survival cases were 1:1 matched. Inter-group differential metabolites and pathways were obtained, and the inter-group discrimination ability was evaluated. RESULTS: Tryptophan metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism were the top one important metabolism pathway in differentiating the control and case groups, and the survival and fatal groups, respectively. The significant increase of differential metabolites in tryptophan metabolism, including 5-hydroxyindoleacetate (5-HIAA), L-kynurenine (KYN), 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), and the increase of phenylpyruvic acid and decrease of hippuric acid in phenylalanine metabolism indicated the potential metabolic alterations in SFTSV infection. The increase of 5-HIAA, KYN, 5-HTP, phenylpyruvic acid and hippuric acid were involved in the fatal progress of SFTS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Tryptophan metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism might be involved in the pathogenesis of SFTSV infection. These findings provided new evidence for the pathogenesis and treatment of SFTS.

Vaccination willingness, vaccine hesitancy, and estimated coverage of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among healthcare workers in Tanzania: A call for action.

BACKGROUND: The global COVID-19 pandemic presented an immense obstacle to public health, with vaccination emerging as a crucial measure to curb transmission. This study aimed to evaluate the willingness, hesitancy, and coverage of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Tanzania and reveal their concerns about SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the reasons that might prevent them from getting vaccinated. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study using an anonymous online survey from October to November 2022. The multivariate logistic regression model explored the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine willingness, hesitancy, and coverage. RESULTS: The study included 560 HCWs, with the largest group being doctors (47.9%), followed by nurses (26.9%) and other HCWs (25.2%). A total of 70.5% of HCWs reported being vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. The primary driver for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was collective responsibility. A total of 81.4% of HCWs reported being willing to accept SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, while 62.5% of HCWs reported vaccine hesitancy. HCWs with higher educational qualifications were likelier to take the vaccine, while the respondents aged 18-30 years had the highest SARS-CoV-2 vaccination refusal (71.9%). We also investigated the role of HCWs as a source of information to promote COVID-19 vaccine uptake. 79.4% of HCWs provided information and advice on SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. CONCLUSION: To increase vaccine acceptance among HCWs and the general population, targeted messaging is needed to deliver transparent information on vaccine safety, efficacy, and development.

Clinical efficacy of immunoglobulin on the treatment of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Optimal treatment strategy for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) remained unknown. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on SFTS. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on medical records of the laboratory-confirmed SFTS patients hospitalized during 2010-2020 in the 154th hospital, China. A 1:1 propensity score matching with age, sex, the interval from symptom onset to admission, presence of chronic viral hepatitis, diabetes and disease severity was performed between Non-IVIG group (supportive therapy) and IVIG group (IVIG plus supportive therapy). The matching variables were adjusted to compare the case fatality rates (CFRs), viral load and laboratory parameters between the two groups. Risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported. FINDINGS: Totally 2219 SFTS patients were recruited. CFRs were significantly higher in 1051 patients in IVIG group than 1168 patients in Non-IVIG group (19.0% vs. 4.6%, RR = 4.30, 95% CI 3.12-5.93). The difference remained significant after matching (17.2% vs. 5.1%, RR = 4.02, 95% CI 2.71-5.97). The CFR of IVIG group was significantly higher in all age groups, two IVIG therapy delay groups and two therapy duration groups compared to that of Non-IVIG group (all P < 0.05). IVIG therapy was related to higher viral loads and reduced counts of lymphocytes, T cells, CD4+ T cells and natural killer cells in the blood (all P < 0.05). INTERPRETATION: No obvious efficacy of IVIG in saving life or improving outcome of SFTS was observed. Caution is needed for clinical physicians to continue prescribing IVIG for SFTS patients. FUNDING: Natural Science Foundation of China.

Preterm birth and detection of common respiratory pathogens among pediatric pneumonia.

Pneumonia complicated by preterm birth is related to adverse clinical sequelae from the neonatal period to childhood. Children with pneumonia during 2009-2021 were enrolled at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Altogether 20 respiratory pathogens were detected and compared. Among 8,206 children, 779 were in the preterm group with 246 of early-preterm and 533 of late preterm. The positive rates for all viral pathogens were comparable between the preterm group and the full-term group. For bacterial pathogens, higher positive rates for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were observed in the preterm group. Severe pneumonia developed in 16.52% of all, which was higher in the preterm group than in the full-term group. A significantly higher rate of severe pneumonia was observed in the early-preterm group compared to the late-preterm group. Preterm birth has an impact on the detection of bacterial pathogens in children and is a risk factor for severe pneumonia.

Dynamics of parainfluenza virus among hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection under two-child policy and COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei Province, China, 2014-2022.

To analyze changes in the detection of parainfluenza virus (PIV) in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) during 2014-2022 in Hubei Province, and explore the impact of the universal two-child policy and the public health measures against COVID-19 epidemic on the prevalence of PIV in China. The study was conducted at the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province. Children aged <18 years with ARTI admitted from January 2014 to June 2022 were enrolled. The infection of PIV was confirmed by the direct immunofluorescence method in nasopharyngeal specimens. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to analyze the influence of the universal two-child policy implementation and public health measurements against COVID-19 on PIV detection. Totally 75 128 inpatients meeting the criteria were enrolled in this study from January 2014 to June 2022 with an overall PIV positive rate of 5.5%. The epidemic seasons of PIV prevalence lagged substantially in 2020. A statistically significant higher positive rate of PIV was observed in 2017-2019 compared to that in 2014-2015 (6.12% vs 2.89%, risk ratio = 2.12, p < 0.001) after the implementation of the universal two-child policy in 2016. A steep decline occurred in PIV positive rate during the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 (0.92% vs 6.92%, p < 0.001) and it rebounded during the regular epidemic prevention and control period in 2021-2022 (6.35%, p = 0.104). In Hubei Province, the implementation of the universal two-child policy might have led to an increase of PIV prevalence, and public health measures during the COVID-19 epidemic might have influenced the fluctuation in PIV detection since 2020.

Assessing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy among the people living with and without HIV from May to September 2022 in Blantyre, Malawi.

Vaccine hesitancy is a significant obstacle to the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019, especially among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in developing countries like Malawi, where HIV prevalence rate is high and limited data is available on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine hesitancy among people living with HIV (PLHIV). This study was conducted among people aged ≥18 years at Mpemba health center, Blantyre. All PLHIV were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. All non-PLHIVs who were willing and were conveniently available were investigated. Multivariate logistic regression model and generalized linear model were used to assess the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy and knowledge, attitude, and trust. Totally 682 subjects were recruited with 341 PLHIV and 341 non-PLHIV. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy rates were similar between PLHIV and non-PLHIV (56.0% vs. 57.2%, p = .757). In PLHIV, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy was associated with education, occupation, and religion (all p < .05). In non-PLHIV, vaccine hesitancy was associated with sex, education, occupation, income, marital status, and residence (all p < .05). Higher knowledge, attitude, and trust scores were associated with a lower vaccine hesitancy rate in PLHIV (knowledge: OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.97, p = .022; attitude: OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.37-0.55, p < .001; trust: OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.71-0.99, p = .038). SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy was high among PLHIV in Blantyre city, Malawi, which was a similar situation to non-PLHIV. Targeted efforts are needed to address these concerns and increase knowledge, trust, and positive attitudes toward the vaccine to reduce vaccine hesitancy against SARS-CoV-2 in PLHIV.

Epidemiological change of influenza virus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection during 2014-2022 in Hubei Province, China.

PURPOSE: Influenza virus (IFV) causes acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) and leads to high morbidity and mortality annually. This study explored the epidemiological change of IFV after the implementation of the universal two-child policy and evaluated the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the detection of IFV. METHODS: Hospitalized children under 18 years with ARTI were recruited from Hubei Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Hubei Province from January 2014 to June 2022. The positive rates of IFV were compared among different periods by the implementation of the universal two-child policy and public health measures against COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Among 75,128 hospitalized children with ARTI, the positive rate of IFV was 1.98% (1486/75128, 95% CI 1.88-2.01). Children aged 6-17 years had the highest positive rate of IFV (166/5504, 3.02%, 95% CI 2.58-3.50). The positive rate of IFV dropped to the lowest in 2015, then increased constantly and peaked in 2019. After the universal two-child policy implementation, the positive rate of IFV among all the hospitalized children increased from 0.40% during 2014-2015 to 2.70% during 2017-2019 (RR 6.72, 95% CI 4.94-9.13, P < 0.001), particularly children under one year shown a violent increasing trend from 0.20 to 2.01% (RR 10.26, 95% CI 5.47-19.23, P < 0.001). During the initial outbreak of COVID-19, the positive rate of IFV decreased sharply compared to that before COVID-19 (0.35% vs. 3.37%, RR 0.10, 95% CI 0.04-0.28, P < 0.001), and then rebounded to 0.91%, lower than the level before COVID-19 (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.20-0.36, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: IFV epidemiological pattern has changed after the implementation of the universal two-child policy. More attention should be emphasized to comprehend the health benefits generated by COVID-19 restrictions on IFV transmission in future.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Among Hospitalized Children With Acute Respiratory Tract Infections From 2014 to 2022 in a Hospital in Hubei Province, China: Longitudinal Surveillance Study.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal studies characterizing the epidemic trend of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Hubei Province are scarce. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to depict the dynamics of the RSV epidemic among hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) during 2014 to 2022 in the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province and investigate the influence of the 2-child policy and the COVID-19 pandemic on RSV prevalence. METHODS: The medical records and testing results of hospitalized children with ARTI from January 2014 to June 2022 were extracted. Nasopharyngeal samples were tested with direct immunofluorescence assay. Detection rates of RSV were categorized according to the diagnosis of patients: (1) overall, (2) upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), and (3) lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Poisson regression models were used to investigate the association between RSV detection rate and age, gender, or diagnosis. The detection rates of RSV before and after the implementation of the universal 2-child policy were compared using a Poisson regression model. Multiple comparisons of RSV detection rates were conducted among 3 stages of the COVID-19 pandemic using chi-square tests. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average was performed to predict RSV behaviors from February 2020 to June 2020 under the assumption of a non-COVID-19 scenario. RESULTS: Among 75,128 hospitalized children with ARTI, 11.1% (8336/75,128) were RSV-positive. Children aged <1 year had higher detection rates than older children (4204/26,498, 15.9% vs 74/5504, 1.3%; P<.001), and children with LRTI had higher detection rates than children with URTI (7733/53,145, 14.6% vs 603/21,983, 2.7%; P<.001). Among all the children, a clear seasonal pattern of the RSV epidemic was observed before 2021. Most of the highest detection rates were concentrated between December and February. The yearly detection rate of RSV remained at a relatively low level (about 8%) from 2014 to 2017, then increased to 12% and above from 2018. The highest monthly detection rate was in December 2018 (539/1493, 36.1%), and the highest yearly rate was in 2021 (1372/9328, 14.7%). There was a moderate increase in the RSV detection rate after the 2-child policy was implemented (before: 860/10,446, 8.2% vs after: 4920/43,916, 11.2%; P<.001). The largest increase, by 5.83%, occurred in children aged <1 year. The RSV epidemic level decreased sharply in the short term after the COVID-19 outbreak (detection rate before: 1600/17,010, 9.4% vs after: 32/1135, 2.8%; P<.001). The largest decrease, by 12.0%, occurred in children aged <1 year, but a rebounding epidemic occurred after 2020 (680/5744, 11.8%; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Children have been experiencing increased prevalence of RSV since 2018 based on surveillance from a hospital in Hubei Province with a large sample size. The 2-child policy might have increased the RSV prevalence, and the COVID-19 epidemic had a temporary inhibitory effect on RSV transmission. Vaccines against RSV are urgently needed.

Impact of air pollutants on influenza-like illness outpatient visits under COVID-19 pandemic in the subcenter of Beijing, China.

This study aimed to explore the association between air pollutants and outpatient visits for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) under the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) stage in the subcenter of Beijing. The data on ILI in the subcenter of Beijing from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020 were obtained from the Beijing Influenza Surveillance Network. A generalized additive Poisson model was applied to examine the associations between the concentrations of air pollutants and daily outpatient visits for ILI when controlling meteorological factors and temporal trend. A total of 171 943 ILI patients were included. In the pre-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) stage, an increased risk of ILI outpatient visits was associated to a high air quality index (AQI) and the high concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 (PM2.5 ), particulate matter 10 (PM10 ), sulphur dioxide (SO2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), and carbon monoxide (CO), and a low concentration of ozone (O3 ) on lag0 day and lag1 day, while a higher increased risk of ILI outpatient visits was observed by the air pollutants in the COVID-19 stage on lag0 day. Except for PM10 , the concentrations of other air pollutants on lag1 day were not significantly associated with an increased risk of ILI outpatient visits during the COVID-19 stage. The findings that air pollutants had enhanced immediate effects and diminished lag-effects on the risk of ILI outpatient visits during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is important for the development of public health and environmental governance strategies.

Impact of air pollutants on influenza-like illness outpatient visits under urbanization process in the sub-center of Beijing, China.

Air pollutants can cause serious harm to human health and a variety of respiratory diseases. This study aimed to explore the associations between air pollutants and outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) under urbanization process in the sub-center of Beijing. The data of ILI in sub-center of Beijing from April 1, 2014 to December 31, 2020 were obtained from Beijing Influenza Surveillance Network. A generalized additive Poisson model was applied to examine the associations between the concentrations of air pollutants and daily outpatient visits for ILI when controlling meteorological factors and holidays. A total of 322,559 patients with ILI were included. The results showed that in the early urbanization period, the effects of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, O3, and CO on lag0 day, and PM2.5, PM10, O3, and CO on lag1 day were not significant. In the later urbanization period, AQI and the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO on lag1 day were all significantly associated with an increased risk of outpatient visits for ILI, which increased by 0.34% (95%CI 0.23%, 0.45%), 0.42% (95%CI 0.29%, 0.56%), 0.44% (95%CI 0.33%, 0.55%), 0.36% (95%CI 0.24%, 0.49%), 0.91% (95%CI 0.62%, 1.21%) and 0.38% (95%CI 0.26%, 0.49%). The concentration of O3 on lag1 day was significantly associated with a decreased risk of outpatient visits for ILI, which decreased by 0.21% (95%CI 0.04%, 0.39%). We found that the urbanization process had significantly aggravated the impact of air pollutants on ILI outpatient visits. These findings expand the current knowledge of ILI outpatient visits correlated with air pollutants under urbanization process.

Parents' willingness to vaccinate themselves and their children with the booster vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A cross-sectional study in Puyang city, China.

We aimed to investigate the hesitancy and willingness of parents to vaccinate themselves and their children with a booster dose against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and related factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Puyang city, China. The information was collected, including demographic characteristics, willingness to receive a booster dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, and attitudes and concerns toward COVID-19 and vaccines. Vaccine hesitancy was assessed in individuals completing the first two doses and booster eligible, while vaccine willingness was assessed in those completing the first two doses and not yet booster eligible. Among the participants completing two primary doses while not meeting the booster criteria, 95.4% (1465/1536) and 95.0% (1385/1458) had a willingness to a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine for themselves and their children, respectively. Among the participants who met the booster criteria, 40.3% had vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness tended to occur in people who were younger, less educated, less healthy, and with unsureness of vaccines' efficacy and adverse events (AE). The younger age of children, children in poorer health, and concern about the efficacy and AE of vaccines contributed to the participants' unwillingness to vaccinate their children. We observed a high willingness to the booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine both for the parents and their children, regardless of the eligibility to a booster dose. However, 40% of people had delayed vaccination behaviors. The promotion of scientific knowledge of vaccines' effectiveness and safety is needed, especially for people in poor health and parents with young children. Timely disclosure of AE caused by COVID-19 vaccines and proper aiding offered to people encountering AE are suggested.