Efficacy and safety of bioresorbable scaffolds in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS) were considered to be beneficial for coronary bifurcation lesions regarding the avoidance of lateral branch opening incarceration after complete absorption. However, data is limited in this setting. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the short (6-month) and medium-term (1-year) outcomes of BRS in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane library databases were searched to find the studies of BRS implantation in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions. The effective outcome was target lesion revascularization. The safety outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events, target vessel revascularization, myocardial infarction, definite or probable scaffold thrombosis, and cardiac death. RESULTS: A total of 1204 patients involved in 12 studies were included. The pooled estimate rate of target lesion revascularization as efficacy outcome was highly consistent between 6-month and 1-year follow-up, which was 4.74% (95% CI 2.36-9.54%, I² = 41.5%, p = 0.14) and 4.37% (95% CI 3.05-5.69%, I² = 4.6%, P = 0.39). The pooled estimated rate of major adverse cardiovascular events as safety outcome was 5.50% and 7.31% for both 6-month and 1-year follow-up. The pooled estimated rate of target vessel revascularization, myocardial infarction, definite or probable scaffold thrombosis, and cardiac death at 1-year follow-up was 5.92%, 2.52%, 1.69%, and 0.42%. CONCLUSIONS: The application of BRS for coronary bifurcation lesions is acceptable in efficacy outcome, but the high rate of scaffold thrombosis remains of concern (Registered by PROSPERO, CRD42019140341).

Clinical Outcomes of Very Short Term Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With or Without Diabetes Undergoing Second-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Background: Patients with diabetes represent 20-30% of the population considered for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and associate with more deleterious clinical outcome, which requires the optimal strategy of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). The meta-analysis aims to compare clinical outcomes between very short (1-3 months) and standard (12 months) DAPT after implanting the second-generation drug-eluting stents in patients with or without diabetes following PCI. Methods and Analysis: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Ovid, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for studies comparing the very short term and standard DAPT in patients with or without diabetes following PCI. Risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals was used to evaluate the pooled effect of discontinuous variables, and the pooled analyses were performed with RevMan 5.3 and Stata SE 14.0 software. Results: A total of 38,864 patients were randomized to the very short term DAPT (N = 19,423) vs. standard DAPT (N = 19,441). Among them, 11,476 patients were diabetes and 27,388 patients were non-diabetes. The primary outcome of the net adverse clinical event (NACE) was significantly lower in diabetic patients with very short term DAPT (risk ratio 0.72, 95% CI 0.60-0.88, p = 0.0009). The same result was also found in the major cardiac or cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) (0.87, 0.78-0.98, p = 0.03). The risk of major or minor bleeding was significantly reduced in very short term DAPT regardless of the diabetes statue (0.69, 0.52-0.93, p = 0.01 in the diabetic group, and 0.50, 0.39-0.63, p <0.0001 in the non-diabetic group). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of major bleeding, all-cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, definite or probable stent thrombosis, and stroke between the very short term DAPT (1-3 months) and standard DAPT (12 months) in patients with or without diabetes. Conclusion: The very short term DAPT can significantly reduce the risk of the NACE and MACCE in patients with diabetes compared to standard DAPT. Meanwhile, the very short term DAPT can also reduce the incidence of major and minor bleeding without increasing the risk of ischemia in patients with or without diabetes (Registered by PROSPERO, CRD42020192133). Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, Identifier: CRD42020192133.

Comparison of Clinical Outcomes Between Second-and First-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents in Patients With Chronic Total Occlusion Lesion: A Meta-Analysis.

Background and Objectives: The second-generation drug-eluting stents have been used to treat chronic total occlusion lesion. However, there is limited evidence of the clinical outcomes that whether the second-generation drug-eluting stents is superior to first-generation ones in patients with chronic total occlusion lesion undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The study aimed to compare the differences in clinical outcomes between the two generations drug-eluting stents in patients with those by a meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane library and Web of science databases were systemically searched before March, 2021. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were included to compare the second-generation drug-eluting stents with the first-generation ones in patients with chronic total occlusion lesion undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The clinical outcomes were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), target vessel revascularization, myocardial infarction, all-cause death. Fixed effects models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of each clinical outcome. Sensitivity analysis was performed to detect potential sources of heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were used to assess the differential effects. Results: The meta-analysis included eight studies involving 4,583 patients with chronic total occlusion lesion undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Pooled analysis showed that the incidence of MACE (OR = 0.68, 95%CI 0.54-0.85, P = 0.0008), target vessel revascularization (OR = 0.70, 95%CI 0.54-0.91, P = 0.007), and myocardial infarction (OR = 0.58, 95%CI 0.37-0.93, P = 0.02) were lower in the second-generation drug-eluting stents compared with the first-generation ones. However, there was not difference in all-cause deaths between two drug-eluting stents (OR = 0.67, 95%CI 0.45-1.01, P = 0.05). Conclusions: The second-generation drug-eluting stents are associated with lower MACE, target vessel revascularization, and myocardial infarction compared with the first-generation ones in patients with chronic total occlusion lesion undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The results of this study can provide a reference for the selection of stents in patients with chronic total occlusion lesion. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to verify that the second-generation drug-eluting stents is superior to the first-generation ones in patients with chronic total occlusion (Registered by PROSPERO, CRD42020158406).

Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Treated With New Generation Stents: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background and Objective: The optimum duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) remains uncertain in patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with new generation stents. This meta-analysis was performed to investigate ischemia and bleeding outcomes with different DAPT strategies. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of science from inception to May 27, 2020, were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials were included to compare short-term (6 months or less) with standard (12 months) DAPT in patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with new generation stents. The primary endpoints were myocardial infarction, definite or probable stent thrombosis and major bleeding. The secondary endpoints included all-cause death, cardiovascular death, stroke, target vessel revascularization and net adverse clinical events. Random effect model and fixed effect model were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of each endpoint. Results: Four randomized controlled trials and seven subgroup analyses of larger randomized controlled trials, including a total of 21,344 patients with acute coronary syndrome, met our inclusion criteria. The shorter DAPT was associated with significantly lower major bleeding compared with the standard DAPT (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56-0.90, P = 0.005, I 2 = 25%), while without increasing the risk of myocardial infarction (OR 1.18, 0.88-1.58, P = 0.28, I 2 = 20%), definite or probable stent thrombosis (OR 1.60, 0.98-2.59, P = 0.06, I 2 = 0%). No significantly difference was observed in the risk of all-cause death (OR 0.96, 0.72-1.27, P = 0.76, I 2 = 2%), cardiovascular death (OR 0.91, 0.62-1.33, P = 0.62, I 2 = 0%), stroke (OR 0.84, 0.54-1.30, P = 0.43, I 2 = 0%), target vessel revascularization (OR 1.14, 0.84-1.55, P = 0.41, I 2 = 8%), and net adverse clinical events (OR 0.93, 0.80-1.07, P = 0.3, I 2 = 18%) between the two groups. Conclusions: In patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with new generation stents, the shorter DAPT leads to a marked reduction in the risk of major bleeding compared with the standard DAPT. This benefit is achieved without increasing the risk of mortality or ischemic outcomes. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020189871).

Management of acute coronary syndrome in the context of coronavirus disease 2019.

ABSTRACT: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still developing worldwide. The prognosis of the disease will become worse and mortality will be even higher when it is combined with cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, COVID-19 is highly infectious and requires strict isolation measures. For acute coronary syndromes (ACS), a common cardiovascular disease, infection may aggravate the occurrence and development of ACS, making the management of more difficult. It will be an enormous challenge for clinical practice to deal with ACS in this setting of COVID-19.Aim to reduce the mortality of ACS patients during the epidemic of COVID-19 by standardizing procedures as much as possible.Pubmed and other relevant databases were searched to retrieve articles on COVID-19 and articles on ACS management strategies during previous influenza epidemics. The data was described and synthesized to summarize the diagnosis and management strategy of ACS, the preparation of catheter laboratory, and the protection of the medical staff in the context of COVID-19. Ethical approval is not required in this study, because it is a review with no recourse to patient identifiable information.Standardized diagnosis and treatment advice can help reduce the mortality of COVID-19 patients with ACS. In the absence of contraindications, the third generation of thrombolytic drugs should be the first choice for thrombolytic treatment in the isolation ward. For patients who have to receive PCI, this article provides detailed protective measures to avoid nosocomial infection.

Efficacy and safety of short-term 1-3 months versus standard 12 months dual antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the basis of preventing stent thrombosis and ischemic events after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but prolonging the duration of DAPT will increase the risk of bleeding. The optimal duration of DAPT after PCI remains controversial at present. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy and safety of short-term DAPT in patients undergoing PCI. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of science from inception to September 2019 were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials were included to compare short term (3 months or less) with a standard 12-months DAPT in patients undergoing PCI. Random effect model and fixed effect model wereused to calculate the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of each endpoint. This meta-analysis included 38479 patients undergoing PCI from 8 randomized clinical trials. No difference was observed in the risk of all-cause death (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.80-1.06, P = 0.25), cardiovascular death (RR 0.88, 0.69-1.12, P = 0.29), myocardial infarction (RR 1.05, 0.94-1.19, P = 0.38), definite or probable stent thrombosis (RR 1.05, 0.80-1.36, P = 0.73), and stroke (RR 1.02, 0.80-1.30, P = 0.89) between short term and standard DAPT. The short-term DAPT could reduce the risk of major bleeding (RR 0.67, 0.48-0.94, P = 0.02) and any bleeding (RR 0.63, 0.48-0.82, P = 0.0005) compared with 12 months of DAPT. In conclusion, the short-term DAPT can reduce the risk of bleeding compared with standard DAPT, without increasing the risk of death or ischemia (Registered by PROSPERO, CRD42020153881).

Halorussus amylolyticus sp. nov., isolated from an inland salt lake.

A halophilic archaeal strain, YC93T, was isolated from Yuncheng salt lake in Shanxi Province, China. Cells were pleomorphic rods, stained Gram-negative and formed light-red-pigmented colonies on agar plates. Strain YC93T was able to grow at 25­50 °C (optimum 37 °C), with 1.4­4.8 M NaCl (optimum 2.0 M), with 0­1.0 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.05 M) and at pH 6.0­9.5 (optimum pH 7.0). Cells lysed in distilled water and the minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis was 8 % (w/v). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain YC93T had two dissimilar 16S rRNA genes both of which were phylogenetically related to those of the two recognized members of the genus Halorussus (93.0­95.3 % similarity). The rpoB' gene of strain YC93T was phylogenetically related to the corresponding gene of Halorussus rarus TBN4T (91.3 % similarity) and Halorussus ruber YC25T (90.5 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate and five glycolipids chromatographically identical to those of Halorussus rarus CGMCC 1.10122T. The DNA G+C content of strain YC93T was 64.6 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggested that strain YC93T represents a novel species of the genus Halorussus, for which the name Halorussus amylolyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YC93T ( = CGMCC 1.12126T = JCM 18367T).

Halorientalis brevis sp. nov., Isolated from an Inland Salt Lake of China.

Halophilic archaeal strain YC89(T) was isolated from Yuncheng salt lake in Shanxi, China. Cells from strain YC89(T) were short rods, lysed in distilled water, stained Gram-negative and formed red-pigmented colonies on agar plate. Strain YC89(T) was able to grow at 25-50°C (optimum 37°C), at 1.4-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 2.6-3.1 M), at 0-1.0 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.3 M) and at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum pH 7.5). The major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether and two unknown glycolipids. 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that strain YC89(T) was phylogenetically related to Halorientalis persicus D108(T) (95.6% nucleotide identity) and H. regularis TNN28(T) (95.3% nucleotide identity). The rpoB' gene similarities between strain YC89(T) and H. persicus IBRC-M 10043(T) and H. regularis TNN28(T) were 88.1 and 88.0%, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain YC89(T) was determined to be 61.3 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggested that strain YC89(T) (=CGMCC 1.12125(T) = JCM 18366(T)) represents a new species of Halorientalis, for which the name H. brevis sp. nov. is proposed.

Haloarchaeobius amylolyticus sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern.

Halophilic archaeal strain XD48(T) was isolated from a Chinese marine solar saltern. Cells were pleomorphic, stained Gram-negative and formed red-pigmented colonies on solid media. Strain XD48(T) was found to be able to grow at 25-50 °C (optimum 37 °C), at 0.9-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 3.1 M NaCl), at 0-1.0 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.3 MgCl2) and at pH 5.0-9.5 (optimum pH 6.5). The cells lysed in distilled water, and the minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis was found to be 5% (w/v). The major polar lipids of the strain were phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP-Me), phosphatidylglycerol sulfate (PGS), sulfated galactosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-TGD-1), sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-DGD-1) and six unknown glycolipids. The 16S rRNA gene and rpoB' gene of strain XD48(T) were phylogenetically related to the corresponding genes of Haloarchaeobius members (92.4-93.9 and 89.6-90.5% similarities, respectively). The DNA G + C content of strain XD48(T) was determined to be 65.3 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggested that strain XD48(T) (=CGMCC 1.12230(T) = JCM 18642(T)) represents a new species of Haloarchaeobius, for which the name Haloarchaeobius amylolyticus sp. nov. is proposed.

Halosimplex litoreum sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern.

A halophilic archaeal strain, YGH94(T), was isolated from the Yinggehai marine solar saltern near the Shanya city of Hainan Province, China. Cells of the strain were observed to be short rods, stain Gram-negative and to form red-pigmented colonies on solid media. Strain YGH94(T) was found to grow at 25-50 °C (optimum 40 °C), at 0.9-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 3.1 M), at 0-1.0 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.05 M) and at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.5). The cells were found to lyse in distilled water and the minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell-lysis was determined to be 5 % (w/v). The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and four major glycolipids (disulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether, sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether and two unidentified glycolipids chromatographically identical to glycolipids in Halosimplex carlsbadense JCM 11222(T)). Strain YGH94(T) was found to possess two heterogeneous 16S rRNA genes (rrnA and rrnB) and both are related to those of Hsx. carlsbadense JCM 11222(T) (92.7-98.6 % similarities), Halosimplex pelagicum R2(T) (94.6-99.2 % similarities) and Halosimplex rubrum R27(T) (92.9-98.8 % similarities). The rpoB' gene similarity between strain YGH94(T) and Hsx. carlsbadense JCM 11222(T), Hsx. pelagicum R2(T) and Hsx. rubrum R27(T) are 95.4, 94.9 and 95.1 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain YGH94(T) was determined to be 64.0 mol%. Strain YGH94(T) showed low DNA-DNA relatedness (35-39 %) with the current three members of the genus Halosimplex. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strain YGH94(T) (=CGMCC 1.12235(T) = JCM 18647(T)) represents a new species of the genus Halosimplex, for which the name Halosimplex litoreum sp. nov. is proposed.

Halomicroarcula salina sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern.

Halophilic archaeal strain YGHS18(T) was isolated from the Yinggehai marine solar saltern near Shanya city of Hainan Province, China. Cells from the strain were observed to be pleomorphic rods, stained Gram-negative, and formed red-pigmented colonies on solid media. Strain YGHS18(T) was found to be able to grow at 20-50 °C (optimum 37 °C), with 0.9-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 2.1 M) and at pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0). The cells lysed in distilled water and the minimum NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis was found to be 0.9 M. The major polar lipids of the strain were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, glucosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether and a diglycosyl diether (DGD-2). Strain YGHS18(T) possessed two heterogeneous 16S rRNA genes (rrnA and rrnB) and both were related to those of members of the genera Haloarcula (93.1-96.9% sequence similarity) and Halomicroarcula (92.7-96.1% similarity). The rrnA gene (orthologous gene) of strain YGHS18(T) clustered phylogenetically with members of the genus Halomicroarcula while the rrnB gene formed a paraphyly with members of the genera Halomicroarcula and Haloarcula . The rpoB' gene of strain YGHS18(T) was related phylogenetically to species of the genera Halomicroarcula (91.6-92.7% sequence similarity) and Haloarcula (91.5-92.4% similarity). EF-2 gene analysis revealed that strain YGHS18(T) was related phylogenetically to species of the genus Halomicroarcula (92.2-92.9% sequence similarity) rather than to those of the genus Haloarcula (90.9-91.7% similarity). The DNA G+C content of strain YGHS18(T) was determined to be 64.5 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggested that strain YGHS18(T) ( =CGMCC 1.12128(T) =JCM 18369(T)) represents a novel species of the genus Halomicroarcula , for which the name Halomicroarcula salina sp. nov. is proposed.

Haloarchaeobius salinus sp. nov., isolated from an inland salt lake, and emended description of the genus Haloarchaeobius.

The halophilic archaeal strain, YC82(T), was isolated from Yuncheng salt lake in Shanxi, PR China. Cells from strain YC82(T) were Gram-stain negative, pleomorphic rods, which lysed in distilled water and formed light-red colonies on solid media. Strain YC82(T) grew at 25-50 °C (optimum 37 °C), in 1.4-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 2.0 M), in 0-1.0 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.05 M) and at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum pH 7.5). The major polar lipids of strain YC82(T) were phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate and three glycolipids, which were chromatographically identical to those of Haloarchaeobius iranensis IBRC-M 10013(T) and Haloarchaeobius litoreus CGMCC 1.10390(T). 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that strain YC82(T) had two dissimilar 16S rRNA genes and that it was phylogenetically related to Hab. iranensis IBRC-M 10013(T) (94.3-99.0 % nucleotide identity) and Hab. litoreus CGMCC 1.10390(T) (94.1-98.8 % nucleotide identity). The rpoB' gene similarities between strain YC82(T) and Hab. iranensis IBRC-M 10013(T) and Hab. litoreus CGMCC 1.10390(T) were 96.5 % and 95.7 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain YC82(T) was 63.7 mol%. Strain YC82(T) showed low DNA-DNA relatedness with Hab. iranensis IBRC-M 10013(T) and Hab. litoreus CGMCC 1.10390(T). The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties of strain YC82(T) ( = CGMCC 1.12232(T) = JCM 18644(T)) suggest that it represents a novel species of the genus Haloarchaeobius, for which the name Haloarchaeobius salinus sp. nov. is proposed. An emended description of the genus Haloarchaeobius is also presented.

Halovenus rubra sp. nov., isolated from salted brown alga Laminaria.

Halophilic archaeal strain R28(T) was isolated from the brown alga Laminaria produced at Dalian, Liaoning Province, China. The cells of the strain were pleomorphic and lysed in distilled water, stained Gram-negative, and formed red-pigmented colonies. Strain R28(T) was able to grow at 25-50 °C (optimum 42 °C), in the presence of 3.1-5.1 M NaCl (optimum 3.9 M NaCl), with 0.005-1.0 M MgCl(2) (optimum 0.01 M MgCl(2)) and at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum pH 7.0-7.5). The minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis was 15 % (w/v). The major polar lipids of the strain were identified as phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, and two glycolipids chromatographically identical to those of Halovenus aranensis CGMCC 1.11001(T). The 16S rRNA gene and rpoB' gene of strain R28(T) were phylogenetically related to the corresponding genes of Hvn. aranensis CGMCC 1.11001(T) (91.9-97.2 and 82.9 % nucleotide identity, respectively). The DNA G+C content of strain R28(T) was determined to be 56.3 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic properties suggest that strain R28(T) (=CGMCC 1.10592(T) = JCM 17269(T)) represents a novel species of the genus Halovenus, for which the name Halovenus rubra sp. nov. is proposed.

Halorussus ruber sp. nov., isolated from an inland salt lake of China.

Halophilic archaeal strain YC25(T) was isolated from Yuncheng salt lake in Shanxi, China. Cells of strain YC25(T) were observed to be pleomorphic rods, stained Gram-negative, and formed red-pigmented colonies on solid media. Strain YC25(T) was found to be able to grow at 25-50 °C (optimum 37 °C), at 1.4-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 1.7 M), at 0-1.0 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.01 M), and at pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum pH 6.5). The cells lysed in distilled water, and the minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis was found to be 8 % (w/v). The major polar lipids of the strain were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP-Me), phosphatidylglycerol sulfate (PGS), sulfated galactosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-TGD-1), sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-DGD-1), galactosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether (TGD-1), mannosyl glucosyl diether (DGD-1), and an unknown diglycosyl diether (DGD-2) chromatographically identical to those of Halorussus rarus CGMCC 1.10122(T). The 16S rRNA gene and rpoB' gene of strain YC25(T) were phylogenetically related to the corresponding genes of Halorussus rarus CGMCC 1.10122(T) (94.3-95.4 and 91.5 % nucleotide identity, respectively). The DNA G+C content of strain YC25(T) was determined to be 63.3 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic properties suggested that strain YC25(T) (=CGMCC 1.12122(T) = JCM 18363(T)) represents a new species of Halorussus, for which the name Halorussus ruber sp. nov. is proposed.

Haloarchaeobius litoreus sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern.

Two extremely halophilic archaeal strains GX1(T) and GX60 were isolated from the Gangxi marine solar saltern, China. Cells from the two strains were observed to be rod-shaped and stained Gram-negative, with red-pigmented colonies. Strains GX1(T) and GX60 were found to be able to grow at 25-50 °C (optimum 37 °C), at 1.4-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 2.6 M), at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum pH 7.0) and neither strain required Mg(2+) for growth. The cells lysed in distilled water and the minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell-lysis was found to be 8 % (w/v). The major polar lipids of the two strains were identified as phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate and three glycolipids chromatographically identical to those of Haloarchaeobius iranensis IBRC-M 10013(T). 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that each strain had two dissimilar 16S rRNA genes and both strains were phylogenetically related to Hab. iranensis IBRC-M 10013(T) (94.9-98.9 % nucleotide identity). The rpoB' gene similarity between strains GX1(T) and GX60, and between these strains and Hab. iranensis IBRC-M 10013(T) were found to be 99.6, 96.0 and 95.8 %, respectively. The DNA G + C content of strain GX1(T) and GX60 were determined to be 67.7 and 67.8 mol %, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization value of strains GX1(T) and GX60 was 86 % and the two strains showed low DNA-DNA relatedness with Hab. iranensis IBRC-M 10013(T) (38 and 32 %). It was concluded that strain GX1(T) (= CGMCC 1.10390(T) = JCM 17114(T)) and strain GX60 (= CGMCC 1.10389 = JCM 17120) represent a new species of Haloarchaeobius, for which the name Haloarchaeobius litoreus sp. nov. is proposed.

Salinigranum rubrum gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Halobacteriaceae isolated from a marine solar saltern.

Halophilic archaeal strain GX10(T) was isolated from the Gangxi marine solar saltern in China. Strain GX10(T) was observed to have pleomorphic cells that lysed in distilled water, stained Gram-negative and produced red-pigmented colonies. Strain GX10(T) was able to grow at 20-50 °C (optimum 37 °C), with 1.4-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 3.1 M NaCl), with 0-0.7 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.05 M MgCl2) and at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0). The major polar lipids of strain GX10(T) were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, two major glycolipids chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether and mannosyl glucosyl diether, and five unidentified glycolipids. Phylogenetic tree reconstructions based on 16S rRNA gene and rpoB' sequences revealed that strain GX10(T) was distinct from the related genera, Halogranum, Haloferax, Halopelagius, Halogeometricum, Halobellus, Haloplanus and Halorubrum. The DNA G+C content of strain GX10(T) was 62.9 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggested that strain GX10(T) represents a novel species of a new genus within the family Halobacteriaceae, for which the name Salinigranum rubrum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is GX10(T) ( = CGMCC 1.10385(T) = JCM 17116(T)).

Halorubrum salinum sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern.

The halophilic archaeal strain GX71(T) was isolated from the Gangxi marine solar saltern near the Weihai city of Shandong Province, China. Cells of the strain were pleomorphic and lysed in distilled water, stained Gram-negative and formed red-pigmented colonies. Strain GX71(T) was able to grow at 25-45 °C (optimum 30 °C), in the presence of 1.7-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 2.6 M NaCl), with 0.005-0.7 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.05 M MgCl2) and at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum pH 7.0-7.5). Cells lysed in distilled water and the minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis was 10 % (w/v). The major polar lipids of the strain were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, one major glycolipid chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-DGD-3) and an unidentified lipid was also detected. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain GX71(T) showed 94.0-97.0 % similarity to members of the genus Halorubrum of the family Halobacteriaceae. The rpoB' gene sequence of strain GX71(T) was 87.3-93.4 % similarity to current members of the genus Halorubrum. The DNA G+C content of GX71(T) was 67.1 mol%. Strain GX71(T) showed low DNA-DNA relatedness with Halorubrum lipolyticum CGMCC 1.5332(T), Halorubrum saccharovorum CGMCC 1.2147(T), Halorubrum kocurii CGMCC 1.7018(T) and Halorubrum arcis CGMCC 1.5343(T), the most closely related members of the genus Halorubrum. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strain GX71(T) represents a novel species of the genus Halorubrum, for which the name Halorubrum salinum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GX71(T) (= CGMCC 1.10458(T) = JCM 17093(T)).

Halomicroarcula limicola sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern, and emended description of the genus Halomicroarcula.

Halophilic archaeal strain YGHS32T was isolated from the Yinggehai marine solar saltern near Shanya city of Hainan Province, China. Cells of the strain were pleomorphic and lysed in distilled water, stained Gram-negative and formed red-pigmented colonies. Strain YGHS32T was able to grow at 20-50 °C (optimum 37 °C), in the presence of 0.9-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 2.1 M NaCl), with 0.005-1.0 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.3 M MgCl2) and at pH 6.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.5). The minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis was 5% (w/v). The major polar lipids of the strain were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate and four major glycolipids chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether, mannosyl glucosyl diether, glucosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether and a diglycosyl diether. Strain YGHS32T had two dissimilar 16S rRNA genes and both of them were phylogenetically related to those of Halomicroarcula pellucida JCM 17820T (92.9-96.3% sequence similarity). The rpoB' gene sequence similarity between strain YGHS32T and Halomicroarcula pellucida JCM 17820T was 91.3%. The DNA G+C content of strain YGHS32T was 64.0 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain YGHS32T and Halomicroarcula pellucida JCM 17820T was 45%. It was concluded that strain YGHS32T (=CGMCC 1.12129T=JCM 18640T) represents a novel species of the genus Halomicroarcula, for which the name Halomicroarcula limicola sp. nov. is proposed. An emended description of the genus Halomicroarcula is also presented.

Halobellus litoreus sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon isolated from a Chinese marine solar saltern.

Halophilic archaeal strain GX31(T) was isolated from a marine solar saltern of China. The cells of the strain were rod-shaped and lysed in distilled water, stain Gram-negative and formed red-pigmented colonies. It was neutrophilic, and required at least 0.9 M NaCl and 0-1.0 M MgCl2 for growth under the optimum growth temperature of 37 °C. The major polar lipids of the strain were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), PG phosphate methyl ester, PG sulphate, and two major glycolipids chromatographically identical to sulphated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-DGD-1) and mannosyl glucosyl diether (DGD-1), respectively. Trace amounts of two unidentified lipids were also detected. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain GX31(T) was closely related to the members of Halobellus of the family Halobacteriaceae with similarities of 94.1-98.7 %. Strain GX31(T) showed 89.8-95.4 % of the rpoB' gene similarity to the members of Halobellus. The DNA G+C content of strain GX31(T) was 66.8 mol%. Strain GX31(T) showed low DNA-DNA relatedness with two most related members of the genus Halobellus. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strain GX31(T) represent a novel species of the genus Halobellus, for which the name Halobellus litoreus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GX31(T) (=CGMCC 1.10387(T) = JCM 17118(T)).

Haloplanus salinus sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon from a Chinese marine solar saltern.

Halophilic archaeal strain YGH66(T) was isolated from the Yinggehai marine solar saltern near the Sanya city of Hainan Province, China. Cells were pleomorphic, flat, stained Gram-negative, and produced pink-pigmented colonies. Strain YGH66(T) was able to grow at 20-50 °C (optimum 37 °C), at 0.9-4.8 M NaCl (optimum 3.1 M NaCl), at 0.005-1.0 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.05 M MgCl2), and at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0). The cells of strain YGH66(T) were lysed in distilled water, and the minimum NaCl concentration that prevented cell lysis was 5 % (w/v). The major polar lipids of the strain were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, one major glycolipid (GL1) chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether and a minor unidentified lipid (GL2), respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain YGH66(T) was closely related to Haloplanus natans JCM 14081(T), Haloplanus aerogenes TBN37(T), and Haloplanus vescus RO5-8(T) with the similarities of 98.0, 97.6, and 96.9 %, respectively. The rpoB' gene similarity between strain YGH66(T) and the current three members of Haloplanus were 90.4-92.8 %. The DNA G+C content of strain YGH66(T) was 67.2 mol %. The DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain YGH66(T) and three members of Haloplanus, H. natans JCM 14081(T), H. aerogenes TBN37(T), H. vescus RO5-8(T) were 50, 46 and 39 %, respectively. It was concluded that strain YGH66(T) represents a novel species of the genus Haloplanus, for which the name Haloplanus salinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YGH66(T) (=CGMCC 1.12127(T) = JCM 18368(T)).