ABSTRACT
Despite the recent advances made in the area of asymmetric hydrosilylation, metal-catalyzed enantioselective hydrosilylation of unactivated internal alkenes remains a challenge. Here, we report a rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrosilylation of unactivated internal alkenes bearing a polar group. The coordination assistance by an amide group enables the hydrosilylation to occur with high regio- and enantioselectivity.
ABSTRACT
MentalSquares (MSQs)--an equilibrium-based dimensional approach is presented for the classification and diagnostic analysis of psychological conditions with Bipolar Disorders (BPDs) as an example. While a Support Vector Machine (SVM) is defined in Hilbert space. A MSQ can be considered as a generic SVM for improved classification. Different from the traditional categorical model of BPDs, the generic approach focuses on the balance of two poles of mental equilibrium. Preliminary results show that this new approach has a number of advantages over existing models. The generic model is analytically illustrated with public domain clinical examples and well-known empirical clinical knowledge. Its clinical and computerised operability is illustrated. Its potential of being a practical method for the classification and analysis of neurobiological patterns and drug effects is discussed.
Subject(s)
Data Mining/methods , Mental Disorders/classification , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Software , Support Vector Machine , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Bipolar Disorder/genetics , Databases, Genetic , Humans , Mental Disorders/genetics , Neurobiology , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/geneticsABSTRACT
Since millions suffer from major depressive and bipolar disorders, the modeling, characterization, classification, and diagnostic analysis of such mental disorders bear great significance in medical and pharmaceutical research. YinYang bipolar sets are introduced for neurobiological modeling and diagnostic analysis of such disorders. It is shown that bipolar sets and a bipolar dynamic modus ponens (BDMP) build a technological bridge from a linear, static, and closed world to a nonlinear, dynamic, and open world of equilibria, quasi-equilibria, or nonequilibria and provide a novel model for bipolar neurobiological diagnostic analysis with added rigor to the current standard. It is shown that bipolar inference can help in understanding both the classic manifestations and the counterintuitive symptoms of bipolar disorders with applications in clinical psychopharmacology. Mathematical and visual characterizations of core features of such disorders are presented. A unified diagnosis and outcome model of different treatments are presented for different types of bipolar disorders. The significance and novelty of this work is twofold: (1) it introduces YinYang into biomedicine for the understanding of certain neurobiological disorders and fosters a new standard model for clinical, therapeutic, and pharmacological research and applications; (2) it presents a mathematical basis for the characterization of mood regulation in individuals and/or a cohort of patients with applications in biomedical engineering and potential applications in nanotechnologies for integrated care of major depressive and bipolar disorders.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Models, Neurological , Models, Psychological , Yin-Yang , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Bipolar Disorder/therapy , Computer Simulation , Depressive Disorder, Major/therapy , Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/methods , Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted/methods , Humans , Neurobiology/methodsABSTRACT
This work introduces an equilibrium-based dynamic model for the characterization, classification, and diagnostic analysis of bipolar disorder, a psychiatric syndrome with manic and depressive phases. The new model extends the traditional spectrum model of mood states from a static and closed world to a dynamic open-world of equilibria with a bipolar universal modus ponens (BUMP). The utility of the new model is illustrated in diagnostic analysis of depression and clinical psychopharmacology of different phases of this disorder.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Bipolar Disorder/pathology , Algorithms , Computer Simulation , Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted , Fuzzy Logic , Humans , Models, Neurological , Models, Theoretical , Oscillometry , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis , SoftwareABSTRACT
Bipolar logic, bipolar sets, and equilibrium relations are proposed for bipolar cognitive mapping and visualization in online analytical processing (OLAP) and online analytical mining (OLAM). As cognitive models, cognitive maps (CMs) hold great potential for clustering and visualization. Due to the lack of a formal mathematical basis, however, CM-based OLAP and OLAM have not gained popularity. Compared with existing approaches, bipolar cognitive mapping has a number of advantages. First, bipolar CMs are formal logical models as well as cognitive models. Second, equilibrium relations (with polarized reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity), as bipolar generalizations and fusions of equivalence relations, provide a theoretical basis for bipolar visualization and coordination. Third, an equilibrium relation or CM induces bipolar partitions that distinguish disjoint coalition subsets not involved in any conflict, disjoint coalition subsets involved in a conflict, disjoint conflict subsets, and disjoint harmony subsets. Finally, equilibrium energy analysis leads to harmony and stability measures for strategic decision and multiagent coordination. Thus, this work bridges a gap for CM-based clustering and visualization in OLAP and OLAM. Basic ideas are illustrated with example CMs in international relations.
