Advances in the Preparation, Structure and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides from Lycium ruthenicum Murr.: A Review.

Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is rich in polysaccharides, and the polysaccharides in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (LRPS) have various bioactivities, such as antioxidant activity, anti-tumor activity, neuroprotective activity, and immunomodulatory activity. It has broad prospects in the development of functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Researchers have found that the structural characteristics of LRPS, such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, primary structure, etc., have a significant impact on their bioactivities. Therefore, studying the structure of LRPS is of great significance in revealing their bioactivities and mechanisms. This study, based on introducing the preparation methods of LRPS, focuses on reviewing the research progress on the main structural characteristics, various bioactivities, and mechanisms of action of LRPS. In addition, the study provides prospects for the development of LRPS in the fields of food and medicine, aiming to provide theoretical support for its deep processing and application.

Hydrothermal and anion exchange synthesis of Mn(V)-doped Ba5(PO4)3Cl nano-apatite toward NIR-II temperature sensing.

The second near-infrared window (NIR-II) in the range of 1000-1400 nm is ideal for in vivo imaging and sensing through reduced scattering, absorption, and autofluorescence. However, there are only a few nanophosphor systems with emission in the NIR-II region. Here, we report on Mn5+-doped Ba5(PO4)3Cl nanoparticles (BPCl:Mn5+ NPs, d < 50 nm) toward NIR-II temperature sensing. BPCl:Mn5+ NPs are made by a two-step (hydrothermal and anion exchange) method. XRD, SEM, and TEM results showed that the as-prepared BPCl:Mn5+ NPs show high crystallinity, uniform size, and sphere-like morphology. The nanoparticles exhibit a broad excitation band of 500-850 nm and a temperature-sensitive peak emission at 1175 nm in the NIR-II range. NIR-II temperature sensing by 1E emission intensity is demonstrated with good linear fitting (R2 = 0.9895), high sensitivity (2.30% at 373 K), and good repeatability (99.0%). Thus, our study provides a path to develop a new NIR-II thermometer based on tetrahedral Mn(V) coordination.

Ligand-Induced In Situ Epitaxial Growth of PbI2 Nanosheets/MAPbI3 Heterojunction Realizes High-Performance HTM-Free Carbon-Based MAPbI3 Solar Cells.

Hole-transporting layer-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells (HTL-free C-PSCs) hold great promise for photovoltaic applications due to their low cost and outstanding stability. However, the low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of HTL-free C-PSCs mainly results from grain boundaries (GBs). Here, epitaxial growth is proposed to rationally design a hybrid nanostructure of PbI2 nanosheets/perovskite with the desired photovoltaic properties. A post-treatment technique using tri(2,2,2-trifluoromethyl) phosphate (TFEP) to induce in situ epitaxial growth of PbI2 nanosheets at the GBs of perovskite films realizes high-performance HTL-free C-PSCs. The structure model and high-resolution transmission electron microscope unravel the epitaxial growth mechanism. The epitaxial growth of oriented PbI2 nanosheets generates the PbI2 /perovskite heterojunction, which not only passivates defects but forms type-I band alignment, avoiding carrier loss. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 31 P NMR, and 1 H NMR spectra reveal the passivation effect and hydrogen bonding interaction between TFEP and perovskite. As a result, the VOC is remarkably boosted from 1.04 to 1.10 V, leading to a substantial gain in PCE from 14.97% to 17.78%. In addition, the unencapsulated PSC maintains the initial PCE of 80.1% for 1440 h under air ambient of 40% RH. The work offers a fresh perspective on the rational design of high-performance HTL-free C-PSCs.

Wide-band excited and deep-red sensitized Mn2+ emission from an NaSrSc(BO3)2:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphor with vanished Eu2+ emission.

It is of great importance to develop new broadband red phosphors since they have possible applications like plant cultivation, indoor lighting and non-destructive sensing. Herein, we report a series of Eu2+, Mn2+ activated NaSrSc(BO3)2 phosphors via a conventional solid-state reaction route. It has been found that both Mn2+ and Eu2+ solo-doped NaSrSc(BO3)2 show weak or no luminescence, while Eu2+, Mn2+ co-doped NaSrSc(BO3)2 exhibits wide-band absorption and intense deep-red emission at 680 nm with color purity of 89%. Analysis of the absorption, excitation and emission spectra of Eu2+, Mn2+ solo- and co-doped NaSrSc(BO3)2 indicates that this deep-red broadband emission originates from Eu2+ sensitization of the octahedron Mn2+ 4T1-6A1 transition. It was found that the photoionization process led by energetic similarity of the host band-gap and the Eu2+ lowest 5d excited state was mainly responsible for the vanished luminescence of Eu2+. The values of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and absorption efficiency (AE) for the optimal NSSO:0.007Eu2+,0.05Mn2+ sample are 24.5% and 61.8%, respectively. This work could provide new insights into exploring novel Mn-activated deep-red luminescent materials.

Evaluation of standard breast ultrasonography by adding two-dimensional and three-dimensional shear wave elastography: a prospective, multicenter trial.

OBJECTIVE: To reduce the number of biopsies performed on benign breast lesions categorized as BI-RADS 4-5, we investigated the diagnostic performance of combined two-dimensional and three-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D + 3D SWE) with standard breast ultrasonography (US) for the BI-RADS assessment of breast lesions. METHODS: A total of 897 breast lesions, categorized as BI-RADS 3-5, were subjected to standard breast US and supplemented by 2D SWE only and 2D + 3D SWE analysis. Based on the malignancy rate of less than 2% for BI-RADS 3, lesions assessed by standard breast US were reclassified with SWE assessment. RESULTS: After standard breast US evaluation, 268 (46.1%) participants underwent benign biopsies in BI-RADS 4-5 lesions. By using separated cutoffs for upstaging BI-RADS 3 at 120 kPa and downstaging BI-RADS 4a at 90 kPa in 2D + 3D SWE reclassification, 123 (21.2%) participants underwent benign biopsy, resulting in a 54.1% reduction (123 versus 268). CONCLUSION: Combining 2D + 3D SWE with standard breast US for reclassification of BI-RADS lesions may achieve a reduction in benign biopsies in BI-RADS 4-5 lesions without sacrificing sensitivity unacceptably. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Combining 2D + 3D SWE with US effectively reduces benign biopsies in breast lesions with categories 4-5, potentially improving diagnostic accuracy of BI-RADS assessment for patients with breast lesions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR1900026556 KEY POINTS: • Reduce benign biopsy is necessary in breast lesions with BI-RADS 4-5 category. • A reduction of 54.1% on benign biopsies in BI-RADS 4-5 lesions was achieved using 2D + 3D SWE reclassification. • Adding 2D + 3D SWE to standard breast US improved the diagnostic performance of BI-RADS assessment on breast lesions: specificity increased from 54 to 79%, and PPV increased from 54 to 71%, with slight loss in sensitivity (97.2% versus 98.7%) and NPV (98.1% versus 98.7%).

From Ancient Blue Pigment to Unconventional NIR Phosphor: A Thermal-Stable Near-Infrared I/II Broadband Emission from Ca1-xSrxCuSi4O10 Solid Solution.

Phosphors used in NIR spectroscopy require broadband emission, high external quantum yield, good ability, as well as a tunable spectral range to meet the detection criteria. Two-dimensional copper silicates MCuSi4O10 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) play an important part in ancient art and technology as synthetic blue pigments. In the recent years, these compounds were reported to show a broad near-infrared emission when excited in the visible region. Inspired by the tunable structure of MCuSi4O10, a series of broadband phosphors Ca1-xSrxCuSi4O10 were designed for realizing continuously tunable NIR emission by a modulated Cu2+ crystal field environment. The emission maximum exhibits a red shift from 915 to 950 nm and the integral intensity enhances as the Sr2+ content varies in the range of 0-0.50, which is led by the lattice expansion and the following weakened crystal field splitting on tetrahedral-coordinated Cu2+. Compared to CaCuSi4O10, the optimized sample Ca0.5Sr0.5CuSi4O10 shows enhanced NIR emission by about 2.0-fold. It exhibits quite a high external quantum efficiency covering the NIR-I and -II regions (λmax = 950 nm, fwhm = 135 nm, EQE = 26.3%) with a strong absorption efficiency (74.7%) and a long excited-state lifetime (134 µs). These solid-solution phosphors (x = 0.0-0.5) show excellent thermal stability and maintain over 50% of the RT intensity at 200 °C. The optimized phosphor was encapsulated with red-light chips to fabricate NIR pc-LED and put into night-vision application. These good properties make these Cu2+-activated NIR phosphors appealing for multiple applications such as nondestructive testing, night version, lasers, and luminescent solar concentrators.

Tetracoordinate Fe3+ Activated Li2ZnAO4 (A = Si, Ge) Near-Infrared Luminescent Phosphors.

Fe3+-doped near-infrared (NIR) phosphors have received a lot of interest because they are nontoxic, inexpensive, and ecologically benign. In this work, Fe3+-activated Li2ZnAO4 (A = Si, Ge) phosphors were synthesized by solid-phase reactions, in which Fe3+ entered the Zn2+ tetrahedral site. When excited by 300 nm UV light, broad NIR emission bands at 750 nm (Li2ZnSiO4: Fe3+) and 777 nm (Li2ZnGeO4: Fe3+) were observed, with internal quantum efficiencies (IQE) of 62.70% (Li2ZnSiO4: Fe3+) and 30.57% (Li2ZnGeO4: Fe3+). The thermal stability was increased from 35.43 to 49.79% at 373 K via cationic regulation. The combination of activation energy, electron-phonon coupling, and Debye temperature explained the improved thermal stability of Li2ZnGeO4: Fe3+ phosphor. Besides, the as-synthesized phosphor demonstrated sensitive and selective Cu2+ ion detection.

Sharp-Line Near-Infrared Emission from Tetrahedron-Occupied Ni2+ in Ca2GeO4.

As far as we are concerned, the phenomenon of Ni2+ luminescence in tetrahedral coordination has not been reported. For the first time, a new NIR phosphor Ca2GeO4:Ni2+ is developed in this work. It is found that the NIR emission from this phosphor is a sharp peak attributed to the unusual Ni2+-occupied GeO4 site in the lattice, instead of the conventional broadband luminescence of Ni2+ in the octahedrally coordinated site. Crystal-field analysis has been applied, and the parameters Dq, B, and Δ are calculated to reveal the relationship between the emission profile and the crystal field strength. The optimal Ni2+ doping concentration is found to be 1%. Ca2GeO4:Ni2+ provides an efficient sharp-line (fwhm = 16 nm) emission centered at 1164 nm which originates from the 1T2 → 3T1 transition with an internal quantum efficiency of 23.1% and a decay lifetime of about 300 µs. This work could provide some new insights to explore novel NIR luminescent materials based on transition-metal elements.

Achieving Ultra-Wideband NIR-II Emission in Cr3+-Doped Li(Sc,In)(Si,Ge)O4 Phosphors Based on Host Composition Engineering.

Realizing ultra-wideband and tunable near-infrared (NIR) emission remains a great challenge in NIR phosphor development. The luminescence of most reported NIR phosphors exhibits a peak wavelength shorter than 1000 nm and the corresponding FWHM is <200 nm. Here, a series of Cr3+-activated Li(Sc,In)(Si,Ge)O4 phosphors with ultra-wideband and tunable NIR-II emission are successfully developed based on the host composition engineering strategy. Significant spectral engineering in the NIR-II region is achieved with a peak wavelength changing from 1110 to 1253 nm. The olivine host structure could provide Cr3+ activator a highly distorted octahedral site with very weak crystal field strength, which results in NIR-II ultra-wideband emission with FWHM > 300 nm. A detailed discussion on the relationship between structural variation, crystal field splitting, and NIR luminescence has been applied. As far as we know, it is the first report about Cr3+ NIR luminescence engineering in such a long wavelength and wide range. The application of these NIR-II phosphors is demonstrated in intensity-based luminescent thermometry with a relative sensitivity of >2.0% K-1 in the physiological temperature range.

Physiological Effects of a Garden Plant Smellscape from the Perspective of Perceptual Interaction.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological recovery effects of olfactory, visual and olfactory-visual stimuli associated with garden plants. In a randomized controlled study design, ninety-five Chinese university students were randomly selected to be exposed to stimulus materials, namely the odor of Osmanthus fragrans and a corresponding panoramic image of a landscape featuring the plant. Physiological indexes were measured by the VISHEEW multiparameter biofeedback instrument and a NeuroSky EEG tester in a virtual simulation laboratory. The results showed the following: (1) In the olfactory stimulation group, from before to during exposure to the stimuli, the subjects' diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (ΔDBP = 4.37 ± 1.69 mmHg, p < 0.05) and pulse pressure (PP) values increased (ΔPP = -4.56 ± 1.24 mmHg, p < 0.05), while their pulse (p) values decreased (ΔP = -2.34 ± 1.16 bmp, p < 0.05) significantly. When compared to the control group, only the amplitudes of α and ß brainwaves increased significantly (Δα = 0.37 ± 2.09 µV, Δß = 0.34 ± 1.01 µV, p < 0.05). (2) In the visual stimulation group, the amplitudes of skin conductance (SC) (ΔSC = 0.19 ± 0.01 µΩ, p < 0.05), α brainwaves (Δα = 6.2 ± 2.26 µV, p < 0.05) and ß brainwaves (Δß = 5.51 ± 1.7 µV, p < 0.05) all increased significantly relative to the control group. (3) In the olfactory-visual stimulus group, DBP (ΔDBP = 3.26 ± 0.45 mmHg, p < 0.05) values increased, and PP values decreased (ΔPP = -3.48 ± 0.33 bmp, p < 0.05) significantly from before to during exposure to the stimuli. The amplitudes of SC (ΔSC = 0.45 ± 0.34 µΩ, p < 0.05), α brainwaves (Δα = 2.28 ± 1.74 µV, p < 0.05) and ß brainwaves (Δß = 1.4 ± 0.52 µV, p < 0.05) all increased significantly relative to the control group. The results of this study show that the interaction of olfactory and visual stimuli associated with a garden plant odor landscape was able to relax and refresh the body to a certain extent, and this physiological health effect was greater with regards to the integrated response of the autonomic nervous system and central nervous system than the effect of only smelling or viewing the stimuli. In the planning and designing of plant smellscapes in garden green space, it should be ensured that plant odors and corresponding landscapes are present at the same time in order to ensure the best health effect.

Investigating the effect of history of fractures and hypertension on the risk of all-cause death from osteoporosis: A retrospective cohort study.

To assess the coexistence effect between history of fractures and hypertension on the all-cause death risk of osteoporosis. In this retrospective cohort study, some characteristics of osteoporosis patients aged ≥ 20 years were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2005-2010, 2013-2014), such as age, gender, smoking, drinking, the history of diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, fractures and hypertension. The outcome of this study was defined as all-cause death of osteoporosis. These patients were followed up until 2015 with an average follow-up time of 62.00 ± 34.79 months. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was utilized to evaluate the association of history of fractures and hypertension on all-cause death risk of osteoporosis, respectively. The death risk factors were presented by using relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The attributable proportion (AP) to explore the interaction between history of fractures and hypertension on the all-cause death risk of osteoporosis. Of the total 801 osteoporosis patients, 227 died. After adjusting age, gender, marital status, education background, annual household income, diabetes, the prior use of prednisone or cortisone medication, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, the history of fractures (RR = 1.502, 95% CI: 1.035-2.180), spine fracture (RR = 2.944, 95% CI: 1.244-6.967), hip fracture (RR = 2.033, 95% CI: 1.066-3.875) was significantly associated with the increased death risk of osteoporosis. However, there was no significant difference between hypertension and the all-cause death risk of osteoporosis (P > .05). Additionally, there was a significant interaction between the history of fractures and hypertension on the all-cause death risk of osteoporosis, and the interaction was an enhancement effect (AP = 0.456, 95% CI: 0.005-0.906). The co-existence of the history of fractures and hypertension could increase the all-cause death risk of osteoporosis, which indicated that osteoporosis patients with the history of fractures should actively monitor blood pressure levels and prevent the occurrence of hypertension.

Ultra-Broadband Near-Infrared Phosphors Realized by the Heterovalent Substitution Strategy.

Near-infrared (NIR) phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes with broadband emission have received considerable interest. However, there remains a challenge in the construction of ultra-broadband NIR phosphors, hindering their further application. In this work, a heterovalent substitution strategy is proposed to construct a novel ultra-broadband NIR-emitting LaTiTaO6:Cr3+ phosphor with a full width at half maximum of ∼300 nm. Crystal structure, time-resolved emission spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance analyses confirm that only one crystallographic site of Cr3+ with separated ions exists. Electron and phonon coupling (EPC) evaluated by the Huang-Rhys factor (S) reveals that the heterovalent substitution strategy contributes to strong EPC with S = 9.185, resulting in ultra-broadband emission. Interestingly, a remarkable blue shift of emission from 1050 to 922 nm with increasing temperature is observed. Moreover, the application of LaTiTaO6:Cr3+ phosphor is demonstrated in the qualitative analysis of ethanol/water mixtures. The work will enrich the toolbox for designing broadband NIR-emitting materials.

Broadband-excited and green-red tunable emission in Eu2+-sensitized Ca8MnTb(PO4)7 phosphors induced by structural-confined cascade energy transfer.

Novel green-red color-tunable Ca8(Mg,Mn)Tb(PO4)7:Eu2+ phosphors have been synthesized via the traditional solid-state method. Since Tb3+/Mn2+ ions are the parent ions in the lattice, the structural confinement occurs when the sensitizer Eu2+ is introduced into the Ca8(Mg,Mn)Tb(PO4)7:Eu2+ structure. The distance from Eu2+ to Tb3+/Mn2+ is confined in the 5 Å range, which induces a highly efficient energy transfer process. At Eu2+ 350 nm excitation, Ca8MgTb(PO4)7:Eu2+ shows dominant Tb3+ green emission with almost-vanished Eu2+ emission. Red emission is clearly observed as Mn2+ ions doping into Ca8MgTb(PO4)7:Eu2+, and color-tuning from green to red is realized by varying the Mn2+ contents. Eu2+-Tb3+-Mn2+ cascade energy transfer process is in effect due to short Eu2+-Tb3+/Mn2+ and Tb3+-Mn2+ distances, which is verified by PL and decay variations. Meanwhile, the Ca8(Mg,Mn)Tb(PO4)7:Eu2+ phosphor indicates good thermal stability and maintained the 45% emission level at 150 °C, which demonstrates their potential applications in white light LEDs.

Photosensitizers with aggregation-induced far-red/near-infrared emission for versatile visualization and broad-spectrum photodynamic killing of pathogenic microbes.

The exploration of photosensitizers with aggregation-induced emission (AIE PSs) for efficient visualization and broad-spectrum photodynamic killing of pathogenic microbes is a significant task. Herein, two far-red/near-infrared AIE-active PSs (TBTPy and TBTCy) were attained to show efficient Type I and Type II ROS generation, benefiting from the efficient ISC processes. The attained AIE PSs, especially TBTPy with bright emission, showed advantages in discriminating G+ bacteria over G- bacteria, and distinguishing dead E. coli from lived one. Both TBTPy and TBTCy have the capacity of broad-spectrum photodynamic killing of pathogenic microbes in vitro with considerable safety for mammalian cells. Antimicrobial mechanism is found to be changing osmotic pressure of cytoplasm in E. coli, causing cell deformation and destruction of S. aureus and C. albicans. In vivo anti-infection experiment demonstrated AIE PSs can accelerate the healing process of the burned wounds on rats infected by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or E. coli, indicating their potential to treat tertiary burns in clinical application. Therefore, the attained AIE PSs hold great promise as antimicrobial candidates in infective therapeutic application.

[Advancements in virtual screening techniques for study of enzyme inhibitor compounds].

Enzymes are closely associated with the onset and progression of numerous diseases, making enzymes a primary target in innovative drug development. However, the challenge remains in identifying compounds that exhibit potent inhibitory effects on the target enzymes. With the continuous expansion of the total number of natural products and increasing difficulty in isolating and enriching new compounds, traditional high-throughput screening methods are finding it increasingly challenging to meet the demands of new drug development. Virtual screening, characterized by its high efficiency and low cost, has gradually become an indispensable technology in drug development. It represents a prominent example of the integration of artificial intelligence with biopharmaceuticals and is an inevitable trend in the rapid development of innovative drug screening in the future. Therefore, this article primarily focused on systematically reviewing the recent applications of virtual screening technology in the development of enzyme inhibitors and explored the prospects and advantages of using this technology in developing new drugs, aiming to provide essential theoretical insights and references for the application of related technologies in the field of new drug development.

Sensitive detection of microRNAs using polyadenine-mediated fluorescent spherical nucleic acids and a microfluidic electrokinetic signal amplification chip.

The identification of tumor-related microRNAs (miRNAs) exhibits excellent promise for the early diagnosis of cancer and other bioanalytical applications. Therefore, we developed a sensitive and efficient biosensor using polyadenine (polyA)-mediated fluorescent spherical nucleic acid (FSNA) for miRNA analysis based on strand displacement reactions on gold nanoparticle (AuNP) surfaces and electrokinetic signal amplification (ESA) on a microfluidic chip. In this FSNA, polyA-DNA biosensor was anchored on AuNP surfaces via intrinsic affinity between adenine and Au. The upright conformational polyA-DNA recognition block hybridized with 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled reporter-DNA, resulting in fluorescence quenching of FSNA probes induced by AuNP-based resonance energy transfer. Reporter DNA was replaced in the presence of target miRNA, leading to the recovery of reporter-DNA fluorescence. Subsequently, reporter-DNAs were accumulated and detected in the front of with Nafion membrane in the microchannel by ESA. Our method showed high selectivity and sensitivity with a limit of detection of 1.3 pM. This method could also be used to detect miRNA-21 in human serum and urine samples, with recoveries of 104.0%-113.3% and 104.9%-108.0%, respectively. Furthermore, we constructed a chip with three parallel channels for the simultaneous detection of multiple tumor-related miRNAs (miRNA-21, miRNA-141, and miRNA-375), which increased the detection efficiency. Our universal method can be applied to other DNA/RNA analyses by altering recognition sequences.

Broadband near-infrared luminescence from Fe3+-activated NaScSi2O6 phosphors for luminescence thermometry and night-vision applications.

Broadband near-infrared (NIR) materials have recently evoked considerable interest for versatile applications, but the choices of efficient emitters for NIR phosphors are rather limited. Herein, an Fe3+-activated NaScSi2O6 phosphor has been successfully synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. A broad NIR emission band is observed at 900 nm when excited at 300 nm ultraviolet light, reaching a full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of 135 nm and an internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 13.3%. The luminescence is related to 3d-3d transitions of Fe3+ in the octahedral site, and verifies the effectiveness of the Fe3+ activator in realizing efficient NIR emission. The emission intensity of Fe3+ ions shows a linear quenching tendency in the temperature range of 293-433 K. The feasibility of the as-synthesized phosphors in applications such as NIR luminescence thermometry and NIR patches was also investigated.

The role of internal fixation in the treatment of femoral head necrosis with ipsilateral hip fracture.

Whether internal fixation or hip arthroplasty is the most appropriate initial treatment for patients with ipsilateral hip fracture and osteonecrosis of the femoral head remains unknown. In this study, the prognoses of patients who underwent internal fixation or hip arthroplasty were analyzed and compared to explore the role of internal fixation in treating such patients. We retrospectively reviewed 69 patients diagnosed with osteonecrosis of the femoral head and ipsilateral hip fracture from 1999 to 2018. They were divided into the hip arthroplasty or internal fixation group. The visual analog scale and Harris score were used. The incidence of complications and the conversion to arthroplasty were also investigated to further explore the role of internal fixation. Male patients (male/female: 25/31 vs 20/38, P = .015), younger patients (average age: 46.80 ± 13.14 vs 61.07 ± 15.61, P < .001), and patients with femoral neck fractures (fracture type, femoral neck/trochanter: 21/31 vs 12/38, P = .003) were more likely to receive 1-stage hip arthroplasty. Of 38 patients undergoing internal fixation, fracture nonunion was identified in 9, and progression of osteonecrosis was identified in 16. Meanwhile, conversion to secondary hip arthroplasty occurred in 13 patients. Four independent risk factors for conversion to secondary hip arthroplasty were identified: age of ≤60 years (odds ratio [OR] = 9.786, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.735-35.015), male sex (OR = 6.790, 95% CI = 1.718-26.831), collapse of the femoral head before injury (OR = 7.170, 95% CI = 2.004-25.651), and femoral neck fracture (OR = 8.072, 95% CI = 2.153-30.261). A new scoring system was constructed for predicting conversion to hip arthroplasty in patients undergoing internal fixation treatment. A cutoff of ≤2 points indicated low risk for conversion, 3 to 4 points indicated moderate risk, and ≥5 points indicated high risk. Patients who underwent internal fixation had worse prognoses than those who underwent 1-stage hip arthroplasty. However, in this study, hip arthroplasty conversion did not occur in most patients who received internal fixation. Using the new scoring system to identify patients who may require conversion to replacement may help make appropriate patient management and clinical decisions.

The Mechanism and Function of Glia in Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects elderly people. The mechanism on onset and progression of PD is unknown. Currently, there are no effective treatment strategies for PD. PD is thought to be the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, but it has recently been discovered that glia also affects brain tissue homeostasis, defense, and repair in PD. The neurodegenerative process is linked to both losses of glial supportive-defensive functions and toxic gain of glial functions. In this article, we reviewed the roles of microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the development of PD, as well as the potential use of glia-related medications in PD treatment.