Rapid development and mass production of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing chicken egg yolk antibodies with protective efficacy in hamsters.

Despite the record speed of developing vaccines and therapeutics against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is not a given that such success can be secured in future pandemics. In addition, COVID-19 vaccination and application of therapeutics remain low in developing countries. Rapid and low cost mass production of antiviral IgY antibodies could be an attractive alternative or complementary option for vaccine and therapeutic development. In this article, we rapidly produced SARS-CoV-2 antigens, immunized hens and purified IgY antibodies in 2 months after the SARS-CoV-2 gene sequence became public. We further demonstrated that the IgY antibodies competitively block RBD binding to ACE2, neutralize authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus and effectively protect hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge by preventing weight loss and lung pathology, representing the first comprehensive study with IgY antibodies. The process of mass production can be easily implemented in most developing countries and hence could become a new vital option in our toolbox for combating viral pandemics. This study could stimulate further studies, optimization and potential applications of IgY antibodies as therapeutics and prophylactics for human and animals.

NLRP3 inflammasome activation triggers severe inflammatory liver injury in N, N-dimethylformamide-exposed mice.

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely utilized chemical solvent with various industrial applications. Previous studies have indicated that the liver is the most susceptible target to DMF exposure, whereas the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in DMF-induced liver injury in mice by using two NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, Nlrp3-/- mice, Nfe2l2-/- mice, and a macrophage-depleting agent. RNA sequencing revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-associated pathways were activated in the mouse liver after acute DMF exposure, which was validated by Western blotting. Interestingly, DMF-induced liver injury was effectively suppressed by two inflammasome inhibitors, MCC950 and Dapansutrile. In addition, knockout of Nlrp3 markedly attenuated DMF-induced liver injury without affecting the metabolism of DMF. Furthermore, silencing Nfe2l2 aggravated the liver injury and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mouse liver. Finally, the depletion of hepatic macrophages by clodronate liposomes significantly reduced the liver damage caused by DMF. These results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is the upstream molecular event in the development of acute liver injury induced by DMF.

Synergistic regulation of fusion pore opening and dilation by SNARE and synaptotagmin-1.

Fusion pore opening is a transient intermediate state of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, which is highly dynamic and precisely regulated by the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex and synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1). Yet, the regulatory mechanism is not fully understood. In this work, using single-channel membrane fusion electrophysiology, we determined that SNAREpins are important for driving fusion pore opening and dilation but incapable of regulating the dynamics. When Syt1 was added, the closing frequency of fusion pores significantly increased, while the radius of fusion pores mildly decreased. In response to Ca2+, SNARE/Syt1 greatly increased the radius of fusion pores and reduced their closing frequency. Moreover, the residue F349 in the C2B domain of Syt1, which mediates Syt1 oligomerization, was required for clamping fusion pore opening in the absence of Ca2+, probably by extending the distance between the two membranes. Finally, in Ca2+-triggered fusion, the primary interface between SNARE and Syt1 plays a critical role in stabilizing and dilating the fusion pore, while the polybasic region of Syt1 C2B domain has a mild effect on increasing the radius of the fusion pore. In summary, our results suggest that Syt1, SNARE, and the anionic membrane synergically orchestrate the dynamics of fusion pore opening in synaptic vesicle exocytosis.

Intelligent management of carbon emissions of urban domestic sewage based on the Internet of Things.

Domestic wastewater is one of the major carbon sources that cannot be ignored by human society. Against the background of carbon peaking & carbon neutrality (Double Carbon) goals, the continuous urbanization has put heavy pressure on urban drainage systems. Nevertheless, the complex subjective and objective conditions of drainage systems restrict the field monitoring, measurement, and analysis of drainage systems, which has become a great obstacle to the study of carbon emissions from drainage system. In this paper, 3389 sensor terminals of Internet of Things (IoT) are used to build a field monitoring IoT for urban domestic wastewater methane (CH4) carbon emission, with 21 main districts of Chongqing Municipality in China as the study area. Incorporating Fick's law of diffusion, this field monitoring IoT derives a measurement model for methane carbon emissions based on measured concentrations, and solves the problems of long-term and stable monitoring and measurement of methane gas in complex underground environment. With GIS spatio-temporal analysis used to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of carbon emissions from septic tanks in drainage systems, it successfully reveals the spatial and temporal distribution of methane carbon emissions from drainage systems in different seasons, as well as the relationship between methane carbon emissions from drainage systems and the latitude of direct sunlight. Applying the DTW method, it quantifies the stability of methane monitoring in drainage systems and evaluates the effects of Sampling Frequency (SF) and Number of Devices Terminal (NDT) on the stability of methane monitoring. Consequently, an intelligent management system for carbon emissions from urban domestic wastewater is constructed on the base of IoT, which integrates methane monitoring, measurement and analysis in septic tanks of drainage systems.

Tannic Acid-Modified Decellularized Tendon Scaffold with Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities for Tendon Regeneration.

Tendon regeneration is greatly influenced by the oxidant and the inflammatory microenvironment. Persistent inflammation during the tendon repair can cause matrix degradation, tendon adhesion, and excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while excessive ROS affect extracellular matrix remodeling and tendon integration. Herein, we used tannic acid (TA) to modify a decellularized tendon slice (DTS) to fabricate a functional scaffold (DTS-TA) with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for tendon repair. The characterizations and cytocompatibility of the scaffolds were examined in vitro. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the scaffold were evaluated in vitro and further studied in vivo using a subcutaneous implantation model. It was found that the modified DTS combined with TA via hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds, and the hydrophilicity, thermal stability, biodegradability, and mechanical characteristics of the scaffold were significantly improved. Afterward, the results demonstrated that DTS-TA could effectively reduce inflammation by increasing the M2/M1 macrophage ratio and interleukin-4 (IL-4) expression, decreasing the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), as well as scavenging excessive ROS in vitro and in vivo. In summary, DTS modified with TA provides a potential versatile scaffold for tendon regeneration.

Complete genome sequence of a novel mitovirus isolated from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng causing ginseng root rot.

A novel mitovirus, tentatively designated as "Fusarium oxysporum mitovirus 2" (FoMV2), was isolated from the pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng strain 0414 infecting Panax ginseng. The complete genome of FoMV2 is 2388 nt in length with a GC content of 30.57%. It contains a large open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 713 amino acids with a molecular weight of 83.05 kDa. The sequence identity between FoMV2 and Botrytis cinerea mitovirus 8 and Fusarium verticillioides mitovirus 1 was 87.94% and 77.85%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FoMV2 belongs to the genus Unuamitovirus in the family Mitoviridae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an unuamitovirus isolated from F. oxysporum f. sp. ginseng causing ginseng root rot.

Characteristics of aerosol aminiums over a coastal city in North China: Insights from the divergent impacts of marine and terrestrial influences.

Aminium ions, as crucial alkaline components within fine atmospheric particles, have a notable influence on new particle formation and haze occurrence. Their concentrations within coastal atmosphere depict considerable variation due to the interplay of distinctive marine and terrestrial sources, further complicated by dynamic meteorological conditions. This study conducted a comprehensive examination of aminiums ions concentrations, with a particular focus on methylaminium (MMAH+), dimethylaminium (DMAH+), trimethylaminium (TMAH+), and triethylaminium (TEAH+) within PM2.5, over varying seasons (summer, autumn, and winter of 2019 and summer of 2021), at an urban site in the coastal megacity of Qingdao, Northern China. The investigations revealed that the total concentration of particulate aminium ions (∑Aminium) was 21.6 ± 23.6 ng/m3, exhibiting higher values in the autumn and winter compared to the two summer periods. Considering diurnal variations during autumn and winter, concentrations of particulate aminium ions (excluding TEAH+) exhibited a slight increase during the day compared to night, with a notable peak during the morning hours. However, it was not the case for TEAH+, which was argued to be readily oxidized by ambient oxidants in the afternoon. Additionally, the ∑Aminium within the summer demonstrated markedly elevated levels during the day compared to night, potentially attributed to daytime sea fog associated with sea-land breeze interactions. Positive matrix factorization results indicate terrestrial anthropogenic emissions, including vehicle emission mixed with road dust and primary pollution, as the primary sources of MMAH+ and DMAH+. Conversely, TMAH+ was predominantly emitted from agricultural and marine sources. With the dominance of sea breeze in summer, TMAH+ was identified as a primary marine emission correlated with sea salt, while MMAH+, DMAH+, and TEAH+ were postulated to undergo secondary formation. Furthermore, a notable inverse correlation was observed between TMAH+ and methanesulfonate in PM2.5, consistent with dynamic emissions of sulfur-content and nitrogen-content gases reported in the literature.

Tunable cyclic operation of dissipative molecular switches based on anion recognition.

Artificial dissipative molecular switches based on anion recognition are of great importance to simulate biological functions and construct smart materials. Five activated carboxylic acids are used as chemical fuels for dissipative molecular switches, which consist of an imidazolium macrocyclic host and a carboxylate anionic guest. By choosing different types of chemical fuels and using varied fuel concentrations, the rates of cyclic operations are tunable. The operation is capable of undergoing at least three cycles.

Predictive value of the geriatric nutrition risk index for postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

AIMS: The aims of the study were to determine the relationship between preoperative geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and the occurrence of postoperative delirium (POD) in elderly patients after cardiac surgery and to evaluate the additive value of GNRI for predicting POD. METHODS: The data were extracted from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV) database. Patients who underwent cardiac surgery and were aged 65 or older were included. The relationship between preoperative GNRI and POD was investigated using logistic regression. We determined the added predictive value of preoperative GNRI for POD by measuring the changes in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calculating the net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). RESULTS: A total of 4286 patients were included in the study, and 659 (16.1%) developed POD. Patients with POD had significantly lower GNRI scores than patients without POD (median 111.1 vs. 113.4, p < 0.001). Malnourished patients (GNRI ≤ 98) had a significantly higher risk of POD (odds ratio, 1.83, 90% CI, 1.42-2.34, p < 0.001) than those without malnutrition (GNRI > 98). This correlation remains after adjusting for confounding variables. The addition of GNRI to the multivariable models slightly but not significantly increases the AUCs (all p > 0.05). Incorporating GNRI increases NRIs in some models and IDIs in all models (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed a negative association between preoperative GNRI and POD in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The addition of GNRI to POD prediction models may improve their predictive accuracy. However, these findings were based on a single-center cohort and will need to be validated in future studies involving multiple centers.

How to promote knowledge transfer within R&D team? An evolutionary game based on prospect theory.

Knowledge transfer is the basis for R&D teams and enterprises to improve innovation performance, win market competition and seek sustainable development. In order to explore the path to promote knowledge transfer within the R&D team, this study considers the bounded rationality and risk preference of individuals, incorporates prospect theory into evolutionary game, constructs a perceived benefits matrix distinct from the traditional benefits matrix, and simulates the evolutionary game process. The results show that, R&D personnel's knowledge transfer decisions depend on the net income difference among strategies; only if perceived cost is less than the sum of perceived synergy benefit, perceived organization reward value, and perceived organization punishment value, can knowledge be fully shared and transferred within the R&D team. Moreover, R&D personnel's knowledge transfer decisions are interfered by the irrational psychological factors, including overconfidence, reflection, loss avoidance, and obsession with small probability events. The findings help R&D teams achieve breakthroughs in improving the efficiency of knowledge transfer, thereby enhancing the capacity of enterprises for collaborative innovation.

Allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) prevents N,N-dimethyl formamide-induced liver damage by suppressing oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), a widely consumed industrial solvent with persistent characteristics, can induce occupational liver damage and pose threats to the general population due to the enormous DMF-containing industrial efflux and emission from indoor facilities. This study was performed to explore the roles of allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) in liver damage induced by DMF and the underlying mechanisms. AMDS was found to effectively suppress the elevation in the liver weight/body weight ratio and serum aminotransferase activities, and reduce the mortality of mice induced by DMF. In addition, AMDS abrogated DMF-elicited increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels and decreases in glutathione (GSH) levels in mouse livers. The increase in macrophage number, mRNA expression of M1 macrophage biomarkers, and protein expression of key components in the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome induced by DMF exposure were all suppressed by AMDS in mouse livers. Furthermore, AMDS inhibited DMF-induced cell damage and NF-κB activation in cocultured AML12 hepatocytes and J774A.1 macrophages. However, AMDS per se did not significantly affect the protein level and activity of CYP2E1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that AMDS effectively ameliorates DMF-induced acute liver damage possibly by suppressing oxidative stress and inactivating the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome.

High-fat diet promotes multiple binges-induced liver injury via promoting hepatic macrophage proinflammatory polarization.

High-fat diet (HFD) and ethanol could synergistically induce liver damage, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. M1-polarized macrophages have been demonstrated to be key players in ethanol-induced liver damage. The current study was designed to investigate whether hepatic steatosis could promote ethanol-induced liver injury by promoting liver macrophage M1 polarization. In the in vivo study, 12 weeks of HFD feeding induced a moderate increase in the F4/80 expression and protein levels of p-IKKα/ß, p-IκBα, and p-p65, which was suppressed by single binge. In contrast, 8 weeks of HFD and multiple binges (two binges per week during the last 4 weeks) synergistically increased the F4/80 expression, mRNA levels of M1 polarization biomarkers including Ccl2, Tnfa, and Il1b, and protein levels of p65, p-p65, COX2, and Caspase 1. In the in vitro study, a nontoxic free fatty acids (FFAs) mixture (oleic acid/palmitic acid = 2: 1) induced a moderate increase of protein levels of p-p65 and NLRP3 in murine AML12 hepatocytes, which was inhibited by ethanol co-exposure. Ethanol alone induced proinflammatory polarization of murine J774A.1 macrophages evidenced by the enhanced secretion of TNF-α, increased mRNA levels of Ccl2, Tnfa, and Il1b, and upregulated protein levels of p65, p-p65, NLRP3, and Caspase 1, which was augmented by FFAs exposure. Collectively, these results suggest that HFD and multiple binges could synergistically induce liver damage by promoting the proinflammatory activation of macrophages in mice livers.

Structurally Diversified Calix[3]phenoxazines: Synthesis, Solid-State Conformational Investigation, and Host-Guest Chemistry.

A new type of phenoxazine-based macrocyclic arene, calix[n]phenoxazines, are reported. Structurally diversified calix[3]phenoxazines with different substitutes on nitrogen atoms and methylene bridges are synthesized with a yield of 30%-70%. Single crystal structure and density function theory calculation show calix[3]phenoxazines possess electron-rich cavities, which can selectively encapsulate suitable electron-deficient guests through multiple noncovalent interactions.

Decellularized tendon scaffolds loaded with collagen targeted extracellular vesicles from tendon-derived stem cells facilitate tendon regeneration.

Stem cell-based treatment of tendon injuries remains to have some inherent issues. Extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells have shown promising achievements in tendon regeneration, though their retention in vivo is low. This study reports on the use of a collagen binding domain (CBD) to bind extracellular vesicles, obtained from tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs), to collagen. CBD-extracellular vesicles (CBD-EVs) were coupled to decellularized bovine tendon sheets (DBTS) to fabricate a bio-functionalized scaffold (CBD-EVs-DBTS). Our results show that thus obtained bio-functionalized scaffolds facilitate the proliferation, migration and tenogenic differentiation of stem cells in vitro. Furthermore, the scaffolds promote endogenous stem cell recruitment to the defects, facilitate collagen deposition and improve the biomechanics of injured tendons, thus resulting in functional regeneration of tendons.

Distribution Patterns and Determinants of Invasive Alien Plants in China.

In recent years, invasive alien plants (IAPs) have caused serious ecological disasters and economic losses in China. This study combined three IAP species richness-related indices (species richness of IAPs, first records of IAPs, and the relative species richness of IAPs), as well as indices reflecting distribution and dispersal patterns (average similarity coefficient of IAPs) and invasiveness (average risk score of IAPs), to conduct an integrated regional-invasion risk assessment based on the principal component analysis (PCA) method. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression was conducted to explore the explanatory power of 12 environmental and anthropogenic factors on different invasion indices. The results indicated that coastal provinces and Yunnan had high IAP introduction risk, as well as high synthetic-risk scores. The dispersal of IAPs in mid-latitude provinces should be particularly prevented. For species richness of IAPs, more environmental factors with variable importance for the project (VIP) values higher than 1 were retained in the optimal model, reflecting the importance of environmental filtering on IAPs. Visitors were the most important predictor for first records of IAPs. Compared to species richness (R2 = 79.5%), first records were difficult to predict (R2 = 60.4%) and were influenced by anthropogenic factors. There was spatial distribution congruence of various families of IAPs. Generally, the correlations of the residuals of species richness were still significant, with 0.421 (p < 0.05) as the lowest Pearson correlation coefficient, which indicated that external factors could not fully explain the spatial distribution congruence. These findings could enrich the relevant research on IAP invasion mechanisms and provide suggestions for regional IAP detection and response.

Important Roles and Formation of Atmospheric Organosulfates in Marine Organic Aerosols: Influence of Phytoplankton Emissions and Anthropogenic Pollutants.

Organosulfates (OSs) could be potentially important compounds in marine organic aerosols, while their formation in marine atmospheres is far from clear due to a lack of cruise observations. In this work, shipboard atmospheric observations were conducted over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea to investigate the abundance and formation of biogenic isoprene/monoterpene-OSs in marine aerosols. The quantified OSs and NOSs accounted for 0.04-6.9% of marine organic aerosols and were 0.07-2.2% of the non-sea-salt (nss) sulfate in terms of sulfur content. Isoprene-related (nitrooxy-)OSs occupied 27-87% of the total quantified OSs, following the abundance order of summer > autumn > spring or winter. This order was driven by the marine phytoplankton biomass and sea surface temperature (SST), which controlled the seawater and atmospheric isoprene concentration levels. Under the severe impacts of anthropogenic pollutants from the East Asia continent in winter, monoterpene nitrooxy-OSs, generated with NOx involved in, increased to 34.4 ± 35.5 ng/m3 and contributed 68% of the quantified (nitrooxy-)OSs. Our results highlight the notable roles of biogenic OSs in marine organic aerosols over regions with high biological activity and high SST. The formation of biogenic OSs and their roles in altering marine aerosol properties calls for elaboration through cruise observations in different marine environments.

Effects of Ferroptosis on Cardiovascular Diseases.

Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides, which causes membrane injury. Under the catalysis of iron ions, cells deficient in glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) cannot preserve the balance in lipid oxidative metabolism, and the buildup of reactive oxygen species on the membrane lipids leads to cell death. An increasing body of evidence suggests that ferroptosis plays a significant role in the development and occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, we mainly elaborated on the molecular mechanisms regulating ferroptosis and its impact on cardiovascular disease to lay the groundwork for future studies on the prophylaxis and treatment of this patient population.

An Anisotropic Hydrogel by Programmable Ionic Crosslinking for Sequential Two-Stage Actuation under Single Stimulus.

As one of the most important anisotropic intelligent materials, bi-layer stimuli-responsive actuating hydrogels have proven their wide potential in soft robots, artificial muscles, biosensors, and drug delivery. However, they can commonly provide a simple one-actuating process under one external stimulus, which severely limits their further application. Herein, we have developed a new anisotropic hydrogel actuator by local ionic crosslinking on the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel layer of the bi-layer hydrogel for sequential two-stage bending under a single stimulus. Under pH = 13, ionic-crosslinked PAA networks undergo shrinking (-COO-/Fe3+ complexation) and swelling (water absorption) processes. As a combination of Fe3+ crosslinked PAA hydrogel (PAA@Fe3+) with non-swelling poly(3-(1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-3-yl)propane-1-sulfonate) (PZ) hydrogel, the as-prepared PZ-PAA@Fe3+ bi-layer hydrogel exhibits distinct fast and large-amplitude bidirectional bending behavior. Such sequential two-stage actuation, including bending orientation, angle, and velocity, can be controlled by pH, temperature, hydrogel thickness, and Fe3+ concentration. Furthermore, hand-patterning Fe3+ to crosslink with PAA enables us to achieve various complex 2D and 3D shape transformations. Our work provides a new bi-layer hydrogel system that performs sequential two-stage bending without switching external stimuli, which will inspire the design of programmable and versatile hydrogel-based actuators.

Correlation between blood concentration of roxadustat and clinical efficacy in patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease.

Roxadustat has been associated with the efficacy and safety in patients with chronic kidney disease-related anemia. However, the relationship between roxadustat blood concentration and clinical efficacy is lacking. To explore of the correlation between clinical efficacy and blood concentration of roxadustat in patients with renal anemia of chronic kidney diseases, so as to provide reference for rational clinical drug use. A total of 46 patients were selected with a diagnosis of renal anemia who were prescribed roxadustat at the department of nephrology of the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University from December 2019 to March 2020. The roxadustat blood concentration was determined at 12 weeks of treatment, according to the cumulative response rate, patients were divided into the response group and the nonresponse group, and the relationship between roxadustat blood concentration and treatment effect was analyzed. We also explored the correlation between various factors and the blood concentration. The patients in the response group had higher roxadustat blood concentrations than the nonresponse group (P < .05), and there was no correlation between blood concentration and clinical characteristics such as age, gender, and dosage (P > .05). The blood concentration of roxadustat was correlated with clinical efficacy. The higher the blood concentration, the better the clinical efficacy, meaning it might be a predictor of efficacy.

Salivary carbonic anhydrase II in winged aphid morph facilitates plant infection by viruses.

Aphids are the most common insect vector transmitting hundreds of plant viruses. Aphid wing dimorphism (winged vs. wingless) not only showcases the phenotypic plasticity but also impacts virus transmission; however, the superiority of winged aphids in virus transmission over the wingless morph is not well understood. Here, we show that plant viruses were efficiently transmitted and highly infectious when associated with the winged morph of Myzus persicae and that a salivary protein contributed to this difference. The carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II) gene was identified by RNA-seq of salivary glands to have higher expression in the winged morph. Aphids secreted CA-II into the apoplastic region of plant cells, leading to elevated accumulation of H+. Apoplastic acidification further increased the activities of polygalacturonases, the cell wall homogalacturonan (HG)-modifying enzymes, promoting degradation of demethylesterified HGs. In response to apoplastic acidification, plants accelerated vesicle trafficking to enhance pectin transport and strengthen the cell wall, which also facilitated virus translocation from the endomembrane system to the apoplast. Secretion of a higher quantity of salivary CA-II by winged aphids promoted intercellular vesicle transport in the plant. The higher vesicle trafficking induced by winged aphids enhanced dispersal of virus particles from infected cells to neighboring cells, thus resulting in higher virus infection in plants relative to the wingless morph. These findings imply that the difference in the expression of salivary CA-II between winged and wingless morphs is correlated with the vector role of aphids during the posttransmission infection process, which influences the outcome of plant endurance of virus infection.