Uniformly Dispersed Ru Nanoparticles Constructed by In Situ Confined Polymerization of Ionic Liquids for the Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Design and development of cost-effective electrocatalysts with high efficiency and stability for scalable and sustainable hydrogen production through water splitting is still challenging. Herein, with the aid of divinyl functionalized ionic liquids, uniformly distributed Ru nanoparticles (NPs) on nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks are obtained via an in situ confined polymerization strategy. Attributed to the unique lamellar structure and confinement effect of carbon supports, the optimized homo-PIL-Ru/C-600 (with Ru 10 wt%) catalyst exhibits superior catalytic efficiency for the hydrogen evolution reaction with the overpotential of only 16 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and the corresponding Tafel slope of only 42 mV dec-1 . Moreover, the performance can be well reserved even after 10 000 cycles, demonstrating excellent stability and promising potentials for industrial application. This work not only provides a facile approach for the preparation of highly efficient Ru-based catalysts, but also guides the synthesis of other highly dispersed metallic NPs for special applications.

[Accuracy of implantation between two immediate implantation methods in mandibular molars].

PURPOSE: To compare the accuracy of implant placement between modified and traditional immediate implant placement in mandibular molar regions. METHODS: Twenty-four patients were selected for immediate implantation in the molar area including 24 implantation sites. Preoperative cone-beam CT(CBCT) was conducted and then digital software Simplant 18.0 was used to design the ideal three-dimensional position of the implants. In the experimental group, the implant socket was prepared first according to reference of the remaining natural teeth, then the implant was implanted after minimally invasive extraction. Twelve patients in the control group underwent immediate implantation by traditional immediate implant procedures. Minimally invasive extraction, then socket preparation, and final implanting were performed. All patients underwent CBCT after surgery. Implant sites designed prior to surgery and actual implant sites differences between modified and traditional immediate implant placement were measured by Simplant 18.0 and compared with SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: In the experimental group and control group, the measured average deviation were as follows, the angle was (4.492±0.912)° and (7.255±1.307)°, respectively; The horizontal error of the implant shoulder was (0.379±0.083) mm and (1.229±0.270) mm, respectively; The measuring horizontal error of the implant apex was (1.263±0.267) mm and (2.183±0.264) mm, respectively; The calculative horizontal error of the implant apex was (1.324±0.203) mm and (2.709±0.383) mm, respectively; Depth error of the implant apex was (0.663±0.123) mm and (1.533±0.155) mm, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the traditional method, modified immediate implantation can improve the accuracy of implantation in mandibular molars.

[Application of X ray cephalogram in the measurement of adenoids in children].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical value of X ray lateral cephalogram in the measurement of adenoids in children. METHODS: 45 cases (aged from 3 to 13 year old) with adenoid hypertrophy suspected clinically were examined with lateral cephalometric projections, of which 40 cases were examined with lateral nasopharyngeal projections at one time. Then the quality of films were appraisal and the adenoids were measured on the film. Student's X(2) test was used for statistics analysis. RESULTS: X ray lateral cephalogram can distinctly reveal the structure of nasopharynx. The method was simply and reproducible. The quality of the films were determined based on the conjunction between the base of the pterygoid plate and extracranial aspect of the occipital slope, with consideration of the mandibular margin and sphenoid saddle. The conjunction should be clearly demonstrated and the edges of the mandibular margin and sphenoid saddle should be sharp and well demarcated in qualified films. 45 cases were examined with lateral cephalometric projections, 34 cases had standard films, accounting for 76%. 40 cases were examined with lateral nasopharyngeal projections, 21 had standard films, accounting for 53%. The quality of X ray lateral cephalogram was significantly better than lateral nasopharyngeal projections (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared with the routine lateral nasopharyngeal projection, lateral nasopharyngeal cephalogram has images of high quality, is better for showing the nasopharyngeal structures as well as measurement of the adenoids with parenchyma. It is the imaging method of choice for children with OSAHS.