[Response differences of radial growth of Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica to climate change in Daxing'an Mountains, Northeast China]. / å¤§å ´å®‰å²­å ´å®‰è½å¶æ¾å’Œæ¨Ÿå­æ¾å¾„å‘ç”Ÿé•¿å¯¹æ°”å€™å˜åŒ–çš„å“åº”å·®å¼‚.

Daxing'an Mountains is one of regions in China with the most significant climate change. Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica are the most important species in this area. The study of their radial growth response to climate change would provide a scientific basis for predicting the dynamics of boreal forests under climate change. A total of 451 tree-ring cores of L. gmelinii and P. sylvestris var. mongolica were collected from six sites in the Daxing'an region, and 12 standard chronologies were established. We compared the tree growth trend since 1900, and analyzed their response to the climate factor in each site using Pearson correlation analysis. Effects of temperature and precipitation on the annual radial growth of L. gmelinii and P. sylvestris var. mongolica were investigated by linear mixed models. The time stability of the relationship between two species growth-climate was compared by moving correlation. The results showed that the radial growth of L. gmelinii was negatively correlated with mean temperature in March and positively correlated with precipitation in the previous winter and July of current year. The radial growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica was positively correlated with temperature in August and precipitation in the growing season (from May to September) of current year. Snow in winter played an important role in promoting the radial growth of L. gmelinii, whereas precipitation in summer limited the radial growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica. The responses of L. gmelinii and P. sylvestris var. mongolica to climate change were significantly different, which affected tree growth, species composition, and spatial distribution in the boreal forests.

[Research status of bioweathering control of stone buildings]. / çŸ³è´¨å»ºç­‘çš„ç”Ÿç‰©é£ŽåŒ–é˜²æ²»ç ”ç©¶çŽ°çŠ¶.

Stone buildings exposed to natural environment inevitably subject to various factors. Among which, biodeterioration caused by bacteria, fungi, algae, lichen, and moss is widespread. The long-term cumulative effect of biodeterioration will lead to irreversible changes in the aesthetic characteristics, physical and chemical properties of stone buildings. Therefore, it is necessary to control the biodeterioration of stone buildings. Here, we summarized four traditional methods including heat shock treatments, laser and ultraviolet radiation, application of biocides, and presented typical examples. We analyzed several emerging techniques, such as synergistic effect of physical and chemical methods, plant extracts and nanomaterials biocides, and reviewed their advantages, disadvantages as well as applicability. Aiming to provide a reference for the research of biodeterioration prevention and conservation of stone buildings, we discussed the preventive methods for biodeterioration of stone building and the assessment methods to test the effects of such methods, and prospected the future research direction.

[Applying Chitosan-Modified Nanoemulsion in Nasal Vaccine Delivery].

OBJECTIVE: To prepare a chitosan-modified cationic nanoemulsion that could be used to prolong the residence time of nasal vaccines in the nasal cavity and improve the cellular uptake efficiency so as to enhance the immune efficacy of nasal vaccines. METHODS: A nanoemulsion-based vaccine coated with chitosan was prepared, and the particle size, potential, antigen encapsulation efficiency, stability as well as cytotoxicity were examined. The uptake efficiency of vaccine on different cells and the residence time of vaccine in the nasal cavity were measured. Finally, nasal vaccine was administered on mice and the antibody levels in the serum and in the nasal lavage fluids of the immunized mice were examined. RESULTS: The nanoemulsion-based vaccine had an average particle size of (167.2±0.75) nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.21±0.01, and an average potential of (13.7±0.85) mV. The encapsulation efficiency of antigen was 92.7%. The nanoemulsion-based vaccine had good stability and did not show obvious cytotoxicity in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. The vaccine demonstrated relatively high cellular uptake of antigens on DC2.4 and MDCK cells at (49.7±3.45)% and (59.7±2.19)%, respectively. Besides, the cationic nanoemulsion also significantly increased the residence time of the antigen, and a considerable amount of nanoemulsion-based vaccine was found remaining in the nasal cavity 60 minutes after administration. Compared with free antigen and the nanoemulsion without chitosan modification, the chitosan-modified nanoemulsion vaccine induced higher systemic and mucosal antibody levels in mice after nasal immunization ( P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The chitosan-modified nanoemulsion vaccine prepared in the study can enhance the immune efficacy of nasal vaccines, showing great potential to be used as a delivery carrier for nasal vaccines.

Spatial-temporal variations of carbon storage and carbon sequestration rate in China's national forest parks.

Forests play an important role in regulating climate change and maintaining carbon balance. To explore the carbon storage and carbon sequestration rate of national forest parks is of great significance for carbon sequestration capacity assessment and sustainable forest management. A process-based ecosystem model (CEVSA2 model) was used to simulate the spatial distribution of carbon density, carbon storage and carbon sequestration rate of 881 national forest parks in China during 1982-2017. The results showed that the average carbon density of national forest parks was 255.18 t C·hm-2, being higher than the average carbon density of forest ecosystem in China. In 2017, the total carbon storage of national forest parks increased to 3.56 Pg C, accounting for 11.0%-12.2% of the total carbon storage in national forest ecosystems. During 1982-2017, the average carbon sequestration rate of national forest parks reached 0.45 t C·hm-2·a-1, and the carbon sequestration rate of all national forest parks was above 0.30 t C·hm-2·a-1. National forest parks in the northeast and southwest of China had the highest total carbon storage. The national forest parks in northeast of China had the highest soil organic carbon sequestration rate, while those in eastern China and central southern China had the highest biomass carbon sequestration rate. The area of national forest parks accounted for 5.8% of the total forest area of China, playing an important role in forest carbon sink management of China. Accurate assessment of the growth status, carbon sequestration potential and carbon absorption characteristics of national forest parks could provide reference for the comprehensive assessment of ecosystem service of forest parks in China.

[Comparing the responses of radial growth between Quercus mongolica and Phellodendron amurense to climate change in Xiaoxing'an Mountains, China.] / å°å ´å®‰å²­è’™å¤æ Žå’Œé»„è èå¾„å‘ç”Ÿé•¿å¯¹æ°”å€™å˜åŒ–çš„å“åº”æ¯”è¾ƒ.

Quercus mongolica and Phellodendron amurense are two important broad-leaved species in temperate forests of Northeast China. It is critical to explore their responses to climate change for supporting management, protection, and restoration of the broad-leaved forest in Northeast China under the future climate change scenario. Three sampling sites along a longitude gradient, Heilun, Tieli and Yichun, were set up in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains. Dendrochronological methods were used to establish standard chronologies for Q. mongolica and P. amurense. Correlation analyses were conducted between these chronologies and local climatic factors to establish the spatial and temporal variations in growth-climate relationship of Q. mongolica and P. amurense. The results showed that the radial growth of P. amurense was sensitive to temperature, while that of Q. mongolica was limi-ted by both temperature and precipitation. The temperature sensitivities of these two species were different. High spring temperature inhibited the radial growth of Q. mongolica, but promoted that of P. amurense. The limiting effect of high maximum temperature in summer on radial growth of Q. mongolica was significantly higher than that of P. amurense. With the increases of longitude (water availability), the correlation coefficients between radial growth of Q. mongolica and precipitation gradually weakened, while P. amurense didn't change. The physiological characteristics of those tree species was the key factors affecting their growth-climate relationship. With the significant warming since the 1976, the growth trend of P. amurense increased, whilst that of Q. mongolica decreased. Deteriorated drought stress caused by warming and difference in the species' ability to cope with water deficits might be the main reasons for different responses of two species, and for the divergence phenomenon occurring for Q. mongolica. If warming continues or worsens in the future, the growth of Q. mongolica may decline due to the intensified drought stress, while that of P. amurense may be less affected or be slightly enhanced.

[Effect of silencing the VDR gene on the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of small interfering RNA silencing the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the biological behavior of prostate cancer PC-3 cells. METHODS: We constructed the VDR-shRNA lentiviral vector and determined the mRNA and protein expressions of VDR by RT-PCR and Western blot. Using scratch wound healing and Transwell chamber assays, we detected the changes in the migration and invasiveness of the PC-3 cells after silencing VDR. RESULTS: The VDR-shRNA plasmid significantly interfered the VDR expression and successfully screened the cell lines with stable VDR-shRNA interference. The rate of scratch wound healing was markedly lower in the VDR interference group than in the blank control and LV3 negative control groups (59% vs 73.6% and 77.8%, P <0.05), but with no statistically significant difference between the latter two (P >0.05), and so was the count of permeable cells (P <0.05), but with no significant difference between the latter two groups, either (P >0.05). The migration ability and invasiveness of the VDR-treated cells were remarkably decreased as compared with those of the control cells. CONCLUSIONS: Down-regulated expression of the VDR gene may reduce the migration and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells.

[Response of Picea purpurea and Abies faxoniana tree rings at different slope aspects to rapid warming in western Sichuan, China].

By using an empirical 'signal-free' standardization approach, we constructed four Picea purpurea and Abies faxoniana tree-ring chronologies at southeast and northwest slope aspects of Erdaohai and east slope aspect of Zharisi, Songpan, west Sichuan, China. The response analysis and multivariate analysis of variance between tree rings and climatic variables were conducted to explore the divergent responses of tree growth at different slope aspects to the recent warming climate. Results showed that tree growth of P. purpurea at east slope aspect was obviously accelerated (0.011 a-1) since rapid warming in 1980, whereas those at northwest slope aspect was significantly reduced (-0.006 a-1). Tree growth of P. purpurea at southeast slope aspect and A. faxoniana at northwest slope aspect decreased in significantly. With the rapid warming, growth-climate relationships of P. purpurea and A. faxoniana at different slope aspects changed significantly. After rapid warming in 1980, the promoting effects of growing season temperature (GST) on P. purpurea growth at east slope increased significantly, while the inhibitory effects of GST on its growth at southeast and northwest slopes also increased significantly. However, the effects of GST on A. faxoniana growth at northwest slope did not change significantly before and after rapid warming. The effects of precipitation in May (PM) on P. purpurea growth at east slope was changed from inhibition before rapid warming to significant promotion after rapid warming, while the inhibitory effects of PM on P. purpurea growth at southeast and northwest slopes increased significantly. For A. faioniana at northwest slope, however, it did not change obviously before and after rapid warming. The response analysis between tree growth and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) showed that soil moisture variations at different slope aspects were an important reason of tree-ring growth response difference since rapid warming. In addition, the results of multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the combined effects of slope aspect, temperature and precipitation factors were the most important limited factors for tree growth variability in western Sichuan. Therefore, we should consider the combined effects of temperature, precipitation and different slope aspects when simulating and predicting tree-growth response to the recent climate warming trend.

[Difference in responses of major tree species growth to climate in the Miyaluo Mountains, western Sichuan, China].

To explore the responses of different tree species growth to climate change in the semi-humid region of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, we investigated climate-growth relationships of Tsuga chinensis, Abies faxoniana, Picea purpurea at an altitude of 3000 m (low altitude) and A. faxoniana and Larix mastersiana at an altitude of 4000 m (high altitude) using tree ring-width chronologies (total of 182 cores) developed from Miyaluo, western Sichuan, China. Five residual chronologies were developed from the cross-dated ring width series using the program ARSTAN, and the relationships between monthly climate variables and tree-ring index were analyzed. Results showed that the chronologies of trees at low altitudes were negatively correlated with air temperature but positively with precipitation in April and May. This indicated that drought stress limited tree growth at low altitude, but different tree species showed significant variations. T. chinensis was most severely affected by drought stress, followed by A. faxoniana and P. purpurea. Trees at high altitude were mainly affected by growing season temperature. Tree-ring index of A. faxoniana was positively correlated with monthly minimum temperature in February and July of the current year and monthly maximum temperature in October of the previous year. Radial growth of L. mastersiana was positively correlated with monthly maximum temperature in May, and negatively with monthly mean temperature in February and monthly minimum temperature in March. In recent decadal years, the climate in northeast Tibetan Plateau had a warming and drying trend. If this trend continues, we could deduce that P. purpurea should grow faster than T. chinensis and A. faxoniana at low altitudes, while A. faxoniana would benefit more from global warming at high altitudes.

[Indirect comparison of different adjuvant chemotherapies for stage II-III gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy in Asian patients].

OBJECTIVE: To compare efficacy of different adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for stage II-III gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy in Asian patients. METHODS: Associated literatures were searched through electronic databases and hand-searching. Prospective randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing adjuvant chemotherapy after D2 gastrectomy with surgery alone were included in the study. Overall survival and disease-free survival were chosen as the endpoints. Relative hazard was analyzed by Bucher adjusted indirect comparison. RESULTS: Two RCTs were selected, including comparison between S-1 versus surgery alone and comparison between XELOX versus surgery alone. There was no statistical difference in overall survival between the two regimens (HR=0.94, 95%CI:0.62-1.44, P=0.79). The recurrence risk of S-1 was slightly higher as compared to XELOX, but no statistical difference was found (HR=1.11, 95%CI:0.80-1.53, P=0.54). CONCLUSION: The adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 is similar to XELOX for stage II-III gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy in Asian patients.

No survival benefit from adding cetuximab or panitumumab to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer in KRAS wild type patients: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of combined therapies of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) remains controversial in colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study is to estimate the efficacy and safety of adding cetuximab or panitumumab to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in the first line treatment in KRAS wild type patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) through meta-analysis. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane library, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) were searched. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which evaluated oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy with or without anti-EGFR drugs (cetuximab or panitumumab) in untreated KRAS wild type patients with mCRC. The outcomes included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR) and toxicities. Hazard ratios (HR) and risk ratio (RR) were used for the meta-analysis and were expressed with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included four RCTs with 1270 patients, and all of the patients were administered oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy regimens with or without anti-EGFR MAbs. The result of heterogeneity of OS was not significant. Compared with chemotherapy alone, the addition of cetuximab or panitumumab didn't result in significant improvement in OS (HR = 1.00, 95%CI [0.88, 1.13], P = 0.95) or PFS (HR = 0.86, 95%CI [0.71, 1.04], P = 0.13). The subgroup analysis of cetuximab also revealed no significant benefit in OS (HR = 1.02, 95%CI [0.89, 1.18], P = 0.75) or in PFS (HR = 0.87, 95%CI [0.65, 1.17], P = 0.36). Patients who received combined therapy didn't have a higher ORR (Risk Ratio = 1.08, 95%CI [0.86, 1.36]). Toxicities slightly increased in anti-EGFR drugs group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of cetuximab or panitumumab to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment of mCRC in wild type KRAS population did not improve efficacy in survival benefit and response rate. More RCTs are warranted to evaluate the combination of chemotherapy and targeted therapy.

[Correlation analysis on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of different vegetations and climatic factors in Southwest China].

Based on the 1982-2006 NDVI remote sensing data and meteorological data of Southwest China, and by using GIS technology, this paper interpolated and extracted the mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, and drought index in the region, and analyzed the correlations of the annual variation of NDVI in different vegetation types (marsh, shrub, bush, grassland, meadow, coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, alpine vegetation, and cultural vegetation) with corresponding climatic factors. In 1982-2006, the NDVI, mean annual temperature, and annual precipitation had an overall increasing trend, and the drought index decreased. Particularly, the upward trend of mean annual temperature was statistically significant. Among the nine vegetation types, the NDVI of bush and mash decreased, and the downward trend was significant for bush. The NDVI of the other seven vegetation types increased, and the upward trend was significant for coniferous forest, meadow, and alpine vegetation, and extremely significant for shrub. The mean annual temperature in the areas with all the nine vegetation types increased significantly, while the annual precipitation had no significant change. The drought index in the areas with marsh, bush, and cultural vegetation presented an increasing trend, that in the areas with meadow and alpine vegetation decreased significantly, and this index in the areas with other four vegetation types had an unobvious decreasing trend. The NDVI of shrub and coniferous forest had a significantly positive correlation with mean annual temperature, and that of shrub and meadow had significantly negative correlation with drought index. Under the conditions of the other two climatic factors unchanged, the NDVI of coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, and alpine vegetation showed the strongest correlation with mean annual temperature, that of grass showed the strongest correlation with annual precipitation, and the NDVI of mash, shrub, grass, meadow, and cultural vegetation showed the strongest correlation with drought index. There existed definite correlations among the climatic factors. If the correlations among the climatic factors were ignored, the significant level of the correlations between NDVI and climatic factors would be somewhat reduced.

Overall survival of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer improved with an increase in second-line chemotherapy after gemcitabine-based therapy.

CONTEXT: In the last decade, gemcitabine-based regimen as first-line therapy has demonstrated low efficacy regarding overall survival benefit for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore a new strategy, such as an increased second-line chemotherapy rate, in order to improve overall survival. DESIGN: Retrospective data analysis. METHODS: The data in the literature on gemcitabine-based therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer were collected by searching databases, such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, and EBM Reviews (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews). Linear regression was used to explore the relationship between overall survival and second-line chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was overall survival. The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival and residual survival. RESULTS: Ten randomized controlled trials, involving 2,679 patients, were included in the present study. The results indicated that overall survival was positively correlated with a combination of chemotherapy, stage of disease and second-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (r = 0.753; P = 0.003). Meanwhile median overall survival would be prolonged about 1.56 days if second-line chemotherapy was increased by 1% (t = 4.33; P = 0.001). Progression-free survival was not significantly correlated with second-line chemotherapy (r = 0.092; P = 0.701); in contrast, residual survival was positively correlated with second-line chemotherapy (r = 0.717; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that overall survival closely correlated to second-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer; more attention should be paid after first-line therapy which must be administered skillfully in order to improve overall survival, and this is worthy of further study.

Efficacy and adverse effects of transdermal fentanyl and sustained-release oral morphine in treating moderate-severe cancer pain in Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous meta-analysis suggested that transdermal fentanyl was not inferior to sustained-release oral morphine in treating moderate-severe cancer pain with less adverse effects. Now, we updated the data and performed a systematic review. METHODS: Updated cohort studies on transdermal fentanyl and oral morphine in the treatment of cancer pain were searched in electronic databases including CBMdisc, CNKI, VIP, Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. Primary end points assessed by meta-analysis were remission rate of pain and incidence of adverse effects. Quality of life was assessed by systematic review, which was the second end point. RESULTS: 32 cohort studies, which included 2651 patients, were included in present study. The remission rate in transdermal fentanyl group and sustained-release oral morphine group were 86.60% and 88.31% respectively, there was no significant difference [RR = 1.13, 95% CI (0.92, 1.38), P = 0.23]. Compared with oral morphine group, there were less adverse effects in terms of constipation [RR = 0.35, 95% CI (0.27, 0.45), P < 0.00001], nausea/vomiting [RR = 0.57, 95% CI (0.49, 0.67), P < 0.00001], and vertigo/somnolence [RR = 0.59, 95% CI (0.51, 0.68), P < 0.00001] in transdermal fentanyl group. Six of selected trials supported either transdermal fentanyl or sustained-release oral morphine improved QOL of cancer patients and one of them showed more patients got better QOL after sustained-release oral morphine transferred to transdermal fentanyl. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed again that both transdermal fentanyl and oral morphine had the same efficacy in the treatment of moderate-severe cancer pain in Chinese population, but the former might have less adverse effects and better quality of life.

Gemcitabine-based cytotoxic doublets chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer: updated subgroup meta-analyses of overall survival.

OBJECTIVE: Previous meta-analyses showed a survival advantage with gemcitabine (GEM)-based combinations over GEM in advanced pancreatic cancer. Therefore, it would be valuable to explore the specific active regimens based on a subgroup meta-analysis. METHODS: Updated data by comprehensive search of the literature from databases and conference proceedings. Subgroup meta-analysis compared GEM with GEM-based doublets chemotherapy in terms of 6-month overall survival (OS) and 1-year OS. RESULTS: Eighteen randomized controlled trials with 4237 patients were included, which were divided into five subgroups: GEM/capecitabine, GEM/cisplatin, GEM/5-fluorouracil, GEM/irinotecan and GEM/oxaliplatin. In each subgroup, risk ratios (RRs) for 6-month OS were 0.85 (P = 0.04), 0.99 (P = 0.88), 0.95 (P = 0.46), 1.03 (P = 0.77) and 0.80 (P = 0.001), respectively, and RRs for 1-year OS were 0.94 (P = 0.14), 0.99 (P = 0.75), 0.96 (P = 0.19), 1.00 (P = 0.97) and 0.93 (P = 0.05), respectively. A meta-analysis of the trials with adequate information on performance status (PS) was performed in four trials with 1325 patients. Patients with a good PS did not show a survival benefit when receiving combination chemotherapy. RRs for 6-month and 1-year OS were 0.82 (P = 0.18) and 0.93 (P = 0.08). In contrast, application of combination chemotherapy to patients with a poor PS appeared to be harmful. RRs were 1.17 (P = 0.04) for 6-month OS and 1.09 (P = 0.04) for 1-year OS. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis indicated a significant survival benefit when GEM was either combined with capcitabine or oxaliplatin. On the basis of a preliminary subgroup analysis, pancreatic cancer patients with a poor PS appeared to have a worse survival benefit from GEM-based cytotoxic doublets.

[Quantitative analysis of different restoration stages during natural succession processes of subalpine dark brown coniferous forests in western Sichuan, China].

By adopting space as a substitute for time, and based on the approaches of inter-specific association, PCA and optimal division, the restoration stages of various secondary forest communities originated from the natural succession processes of bamboo-dark brown coniferous and moss-dark brown coniferous old-growth forests after clear-cut were quantified at different temporal series (20, 30, 30, 40, 50 and 160-200 years). The results showed that Betula albo-sinensis, Salix rehderiana, Acer mono, A. laxiflorum, Prunus tatsienensis, Hydrangea xanthoneura, Tilia chinensis and Salix dolia were the declining species groups with progressive restoration processes from secondary forest to mature moss and bamboo-dark brown coniferous forests, Sorbus hupehensis, S. koehneana and P. pilosiuscula were the transient species groups, and Abies faxoniana, Picea purpurea, Tsuga chinensis and P. wilsonii were the progressive species groups. During the period of 20-40 years restoration, the secondary forests were dominated by broad-leaved tree species, such as B. albo-sinensis, and the main forest types were moss--B. albo-sinensis forest and bamboo--B. albo-sinensis forest. Through 50 years natural succession, the secondary forests turned into conifer/broad-leaved mixed forest dominated by B. albo-sinensis and A. faxoniana, and the main forest types were moss--B. albo-sinensis--A. faxoniana forest and bamboo--B. albo-sinensis--A. faxoniana forest. The remained 160-200 years old coniferous forests without cutting were dominated by old-growth stage A. faxoniana, and the main forest types were moss--A. faxoniana forest and bamboo--A. faxoniana forest.