Natural Product Quercetin-3-methyl ether Promotes Colorectal Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Downregulating Intracellular Polyamine Signaling.

Dysregulation of cellular metabolism is a key marker of cancer, and it is suggested that metabolism should be considered as a targeted weakness of colorectal cancer. Increased polyamine metabolism is a common metabolic change in tumors. Thus, targeting polyamine metabolism for anticancer therapy, particularly polyamine blockade therapy, has gradually become a hot topic. Quercetin-3-methyl ether is a natural compound existed in various plants with diverse biological activities like antioxidant and antiaging. Here, we reported that Quercetin-3-methyl ether inhibits colorectal cancer cell viability, and promotes apoptosis in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Intriguingly, the polyamine levels, including spermidine and spermine, in colorectal cancer cells were reduced upon treatment of Quercetin-3-methyl ether. This is likely resulted from the downregulation of SMOX, a key enzyme in polyamine metabolism that catalyzes the oxidation of spermine to spermidine. These findings suggest Quercetin-3-methyl ether decreases cellular polyamine level by suppressing SMOX expression, thereby inducing colorectal cancer cell apoptosis. Our results also reveal a correlation between the anti-tumor activity of Quercetin-3-methyl ether and the polyamine metabolism modulation, which may provide new insights into a better understanding of the pharmacological activity of Quercetin-3-methyl ether and how it reprograms cellular polyamine metabolism.

A co-type ductile film with high tensile strength and fast self-healing properties for shaped fruit preservation.

Traditional petroleum-based plastics have high energy consumption, require professional equipment, are non-degradable after use, and lack antibacterial properties, making it impossible to achieve long-lasting freshness in fruits and vegetables. Herein, we report a novel co-type film-forming method with low energy consumption and without production equipment, which uses PVA-borax gel as a substrate and adds a certain proportion of CMC and TA to prepare multifunctional CMC/TA@PVA-borax composite hydrogels (CTPB). The dynamic borax ester bonding and hydrogen bonding in the CTPB hydrogel results in an ultra-high tensile strength of more than 5500% and rapid self-healing within 8 s. Interestingly, hydrogels can be arbitrarily shaped and stretched like play dough and thus can be stretched into ductile films by co-type film formation. The antimicrobial properties of the hydrogel film can be attributed to the synergistic effects of TA and borax. The mussel structure of TA allows the hydrogel film to adhere directly to different surfaces for more effective bacterial killing. In addition, the hydrogel film has a high level of biosafety and biodegradability and shows good performance in fruit storage. This study provides a convenient and low-energy method for the preparation of films, which in part reduces the increasing environmental pollution caused by petroleum-based plastics.

One-pot co-crystallized hexanal-loaded ZIF-8/quaternized chitosan film for temperature-responsive ethylene inhibition and climacteric fruit preservation.

Controlling ethylene production and microbial infection are key factors to prolong the shelf life of climacteric fruit. Herein, a nanocomposite film, hexanal-loaded ZIF-8/CS (HZCF) with "nano-barrier" structure, was developed by a one-pot co-crystallized of ZIF-8 in situ growth on quaternized chitosan (CS) and encapsulation of hexanal into ZIF-8 via microporous adsorption. The resultant film realized the temperature responsive release of hexanal via the steric hindrance and hierarchical pore structure as "nano-barrier", which can inhibit ethylene production in climacteric fruit on demand. Based on this, the maximum ethylene inhibition rate of HZCF was up to 52.6 %. Meanwhile, the film exhibits excellent antibacterial, mechanical, UV resistance and water retention properties, by virtue of the functional synergy between ZIF-8 and CS. Contributed to the multifunctional features, HZCF prolonged the shelf life of banana and mango for at least 16 days, which is 8 days longer than that of control fruit. More strikingly, HZCF is washable and biodegradable, which is expected to replace non-degradable plastic film. Thus, this study provides a convenient novel approach to simplify the encapsulation of active molecule on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), develops a packaging material for high-efficient freshness preservation, and helps to alleviate the survival crisis caused by food waste.

Evolution and biological characterization of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.2.1 hemagglutinin gene.

H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.2.1 hemagglutinin (HA) gene have been widely detected in birds and poultry in several countries. During our routine surveillance, we isolated 28 H5N1 viruses between January 2017 and October 2020. To investigate the genetic relationship of the globally circulating H5N1 viruses and the biological properties of those detected in China, we performed a detailed phylogenic analysis of 274 representative H5N1 strains and analyzed the antigenic properties, receptor-binding preference, and virulence in mice of the H5N1 viruses isolated in China. The phylogenic analysis indicated that the HA genes of the 274 viruses belonged to six subclades, namely clades 2.3.2.1a to 2.3.2.1f; these viruses acquired gene mutations and underwent complicated reassortment to form 58 genotypes, with G43 being the dominant genotype detected in eight Asian and African countries. The 28 H5N1 viruses detected in this study carried the HA of clade 2.3.2.1c (two strains), 2.3.2.1d (three strains), or 2.3.2.1f (23 strains), and formed eight genotypes. These viruses were antigenically well-matched with the H5-Re12 vaccine strain used in China. Animal studies showed that the pathogenicity of the H5N1 viruses ranged from non-lethal to highly lethal in mice. Moreover, the viruses exclusively bound to avian-type receptors and have not acquired the ability to bind to human-type receptors. Our study reveals the overall picture of the evolution of clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 viruses and provides insights into the control of these viruses.

Gait function assessed using 3D gait analysis in patients with cervical spinal myelopathy before and after surgical decompression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of cervical spinal cord dysfunction in adults and the result of chronic degenerative changes of the cervical spine. The compression of the spinal cord can lead to ischemia, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis with a consequent impairment of the neurological function. Gait impairment is one of the most frequent signs of DCM. PURPOSE: To investigate the changes in spatio-temporal gait parameters assessed using 3D gait analysis in patients affected by DCM compared with healthy controls and the effect of surgical decompression on these parameters. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PATIENT SAMPLE: The meta-analysis included 267 patients with DCM and 276 healthy controls. OUTCOME MEASURES: Spatio-temporal parameters of gait were assessed. The primary outcome was gait speed; the secondary outcomes were cadence, stride length, step width, stride time, single-limb support time, and double-limb support time. METHODS: Studies reporting spatial and/or temporal gait parameters measured using 3D gait analysis in patients with DCM were included. Data sources were Embase, Medline, and the Core Collection of Web of Science. Meta-analyses were performed to investigate the influence of surgical decompression in patients measured before and after surgery as well as to compare gait parameters of patients with DCM with controls. RESULTS: Thirteen studies reporting on 267 patients with DCM and 276 healthy controls met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies compared patients with DCM with healthy controls, three studies compared gait in patients with DCM before and after surgical decompression, and three studies performed both comparisons. Compared with healthy controls, patients with DCM had slower gait speed (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD), -1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) [-1.86; -1.13]; p<.001), lower cadence (SMD, -0.78; 95%CI [-1.00; -0.56]; p<.001), shorter stride length (SMD, -1.27; 95%CI [-1.53, -1.01]; p<.001), greater step width (SMD, 0.98; 95%CI [0.42, 1.54]; p=.003), longer stride time (SMD, 0.77; 95%CI [0.37, 1.16]; p=.009), single-limb support phase (SMD, -0.68; 95%CI [-1.06; -0.29]; p=.011), and double-limb support phase (SMD 0.84; 95%CI [0.35, 1.32]; p=.012). After surgical decompression, patients with DCM showed an improvement in gait speed (SMD, 0.57 (95%CI [0.29; 0.85]; p=.003) and no significant differences in other spatio-temporal parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DCM have clearly different spatio-temporal gait parameters than healthy controls. Gait speed is the only spatio-temporal gait parameter that improves significantly after surgical decompression suggesting that gait speed may be an important clinical outcome parameter in patients with DCM.

Is Age a Risk Factor for Early Postoperative Cage Subsidence After Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion? A Retrospective Study in 170 Patients.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. OBJECTIVES: We aim to evaluate whether age is a risk factor for cage subsidence, and whether other patient characteristics, preoperative radiological or imaging parameters are associated with cage subsidence and the need for revision surgery in patients undergoing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). METHODS: Patient demographics and surgery-related information were extracted. Cage subsidence was evaluated using upright standing sagittal plane X-rays and defined as more than 2 mm migration of the cage into the adjacent vertebral body. Patients who received revision surgery within 1 year for any reason were recorded. Radiographic parameters were measured. Univariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the risk factors for cage subsidence and need for revision surgery. RESULTS: At 3-month and 1-year follow-up, cage subsidence was observed in 28 patients (16.5%) and 58 patients (34.1%), respectively. Twenty-seven patients received revision surgery within the first year after TLIF. Age (odds ratio (OR): 1.07 per year) and male sex (OR: 2.76) had a significantly increased odds ratio for cage subsidence 3 months after TLIF. Male sex (OR: 2.55) but not age was a significant risk factor for cage subsidence 1 year after TLIF. Of all assessed risk factors, only BMI (OR: 1.11 per kg/m2) had a significantly increased risk for the need of revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Age was associated with cage subsidence 3 months but not 1 year after TLIF suggesting that age is only a risk factor for early cage subsidence and not in a longer follow-up.

Key Amino Acid Residues That Determine the Antigenic Properties of Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses Bearing the Clade 2.3.4.4 Hemagglutinin Gene.

The H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4 HA gene have been pervasive among domestic poultry and wild birds worldwide since 2014, presenting substantial risks to human and animal health. Continued circulation of clade 2.3.4.4 viruses has resulted in the emergence of eight subclades (2.3.4.4a-h) and multiple distinct antigenic groups. However, the key antigenic substitutions responsible for the antigenic change of these viruses remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed the HA gene sequences of 5713 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses obtained from a public database and found that 23 amino acid residues were highly variable among these strains. We then generated a series of single-amino-acid mutants based on the H5-Re8 (a vaccine seed virus) background and tested their reactivity with a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Six mutants bearing amino acid substitutions at positions 120, 126, 141, 156, 185, or 189 (H5 numbering) led to reduced or lost reactivity to these mAbs. Further antigenic cartography analysis revealed that the amino acid residues at positions 126, 156, and 189 acted as immunodominant epitopes of H5 viruses. Collectively, our findings offer valuable guidance for the surveillance and early detection of emerging antigenic variants.

Analysis of avian influenza A (H3N8) viruses in poultry and their zoonotic potential, China, September 2021 to May 2022.

BackgroundTwo human cases of avian influenza A (H3N8) virus infection were reported in China in 2022.AimTo characterise H3N8 viruses circulating in China in September 2021-May 2022.MethodsWe sampled poultry and poultry-related environments in 25 Chinese provinces. After isolating H3N8 viruses, whole genome sequences were obtained for molecular and phylogenetic analyses. The specificity of H3N8 viruses towards human or avian receptors was assessed in vitro. Their ability to replicate in chicken and mice, and to transmit between guinea pigs was also investigated.ResultsIn total, 98 H3N8 avian influenza virus isolates were retrieved from 38,639 samples; genetic analysis of 31 representative isolates revealed 17 genotypes. Viruses belonging to 10 of these genotypes had six internal genes originating from influenza A (H9N2) viruses. These reassorted viruses could be found in live poultry markets and comprised the strains responsible for the two human infections. A subset of nine H3N8 viruses (including six reassorted) that replicated efficiently in mice bound to both avian-type and human-type receptors in vitro. Three reassorted viruses were shed by chickens for up to 9 days, replicating efficiently in their upper respiratory tract. Five reassorted viruses tested on guinea pigs were transmissible among these by respiratory droplets.ConclusionAvian H3N8 viruses with H9N2 virus internal genes, causing two human infections, occurred in live poultry markets in China. The low pathogenicity of H3N8 viruses in poultry allows their continuous circulation with potential for reassortment. Careful monitoring of spill-over infections in humans is important to strengthen early-warning systems and maintain influenza pandemic preparedness.

Robust Strategy to Improve the Compatibility between Incorporated Upconversion Nanoparticles and the Bulk Transparent Polymer Matrix.

Traditional transparent polymer nanocomposites combined with functional fluorescent inorganic nanofillers are promising for many advanced optical applications. However, the aggregation of the incorporated functional nanoparticles results in light scattering and will decrease the transparency of nanocomposites, which will restrain the application of the transparent nanocomposites. Herein, a robust synthesis strategy was proposed to modify upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to form UCNP@PMMA core@shell nanocomposites though metal-free photoinduced surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-SI-ATRP), and thus, the dispersity of UCNP@PMMA and the interface compatibility between the surface of UCNPs and the bulk PMMA matrix was greatly improved. The obtained PMMA nanocomposites possess high transparency and show strong upconversion photoluminescence properties, which promises great opportunities for application in 3D display and related optoelectronic fields. This strategy could also be applied to fabricate other kinds of functional transparent polymer nanocomposites with inorganic nanoparticles uniformly dispersed.

3D-Printed Polyamide 12/Styrene-Acrylic Copolymer-Boron Nitride (PA12/SA-BN) Composite with Macro and Micro Double Anisotropic Thermally Conductive Structures.

Anisotropic thermally conductive composites are very critical for precise thermal management of electronic devices. In this work, in order to prepare a composite with significant anisotropic thermal conductivity, polyamide 12/styrene-acrylic copolymer-boron nitride (PA12/SA-BN) composites with macro and micro double anisotropic structures were fabricated successfully using 3D printing and micro-shear methods. The morphologies and thermally conductive properties of composites were systematically characterized via SEM, XRD, and the laser flash method. Experimental results indicate that the through-plane thermal conductivity of the composite is 4.2 W/(m·K) with only 21.4 wt% BN, which is five times higher than that of the composite with randomly oriented BN. Simulation results show that the macro-anisotropic structure of the composite (caused by the selective distribution of BN) as well as the micro-anisotropic structure (caused by the orientation structure of BN) both play critical roles in spreading heat along the specified direction. Therefore, as-obtained composites with double anisotropic structures possess great potential for the application inefficient and controllable thermal management in various fields.

Hierarchically Structured Nanotube Arrays as Heterogenous Photocatalysts for Highly Efficient Broadband Photoinduced Controlled Radical Polymerization.

Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) and their heterostructure nanocomposites by structural engineering design were utilized as heterogeneous photocatalysts for highly efficient broadband photoinduced controlled radical polymerization (photoCRP), including photoATRP and PET-RAFT. Highly efficient broadband UV-visible light responsive photoCRP was achieved by combining the acceleration effects of electron transfer derived from the distinctive highly ordered nanotube structure of TNTAs and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect combined with the formation of the Schottky barrier via modification of Au nanoparticles. This polymerization system was capable to polymerize acrylate and methacrylate monomers with high conversion, "living" chain-ends, tightly regulated molecular weights, and outstanding temporal control properties. The heterogeneous nature of the photocatalysts enabled simple separation and effective reusability in subsequent polymerizations. These results highlight the modular design of highly efficient catalysts to optimize the controlled radical polymerization process.

Multifunctional Starch-Based Sensor with Non-Covalent Network to Achieve "3R" Circulation.

With the consumption of disposable electronic devices increasing, it is meaningful but also a big challenge to develop reusable and sustainable materials to replace traditional single-use sensors. Herein, a clever strategy for constructing a multifunctional sensor with 3R circulation (renewable, reusable, pollution-reducing biodegradable) is presented, in which silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with multiple interactions are introduced into a reversible non-covalent cross-linking network composed of biocompatible and degradable carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to simultaneously obtain high mechanical conductivity and long-term antibacterial properties by a one-pot method. Surprisingly, the assembled sensor shows high sensitivity (gauge factor up to 4.02), high conductivity (0.1753 S m-1 ), low detection limit (0.5%), long-term antibacterial ability (more than 7 days), and stable sensing performance. Thus, the CMS/PVA/AgNPs sensor can not only accurately monitor a series of human behavior, but also identify handwriting recognition from different people. More importantly, the abandoned starch-based sensor can form a 3R circulation. Especially, the fully renewable film still shows excellent mechanical performance, achieving reusable without sacrificing its original function. Therefore, this work provides a new horizon for multifunctional starch-based materials as sustainable substrates for replacing traditional single-use sensors.

Genetic analysis and biological characterization of H10N3 influenza A viruses isolated in China from 2014 to 2021.

The H10 subtypes of avian influenza viruses pose a continual threat to the poultry industry and human health. The sporadic spillover of H10 subtypes viruses from poultry to humans is represented by the H10N8 human cases in 2013 and the recent H10N3 human infection in 2021. However, the genesis and characteristics of the recent reassortment H10N3 viruses have not been systemically investigated. In this study, we characterized 20 H10N3 viruses isolated in live poultry markets during routine nationwide surveillance in China from 2014 to 2021. The viruses in the recent reassortant genotype acquired their hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from the duck H10 viruses and H7N3 viruses, respectively, whereas the internal genes were derived from chicken H9N2 viruses as early as 2019. Receptor-binding analysis indicated that two of the tested H10N3 viruses had a higher affinity for human-type receptors than for avian-type receptors, highlighting the potential risk of avian-to-human transmission. Animal studies showed that only viruses belonging to the recent reassortant genotype were pathogenic in mice; two tested viruses transmitted via direct contact and one virus transmitted by respiratory droplets in guinea pigs, though with limited efficiency. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced surveillance of H10N3 viruses.

Enhanced antibacterial effect and biodegradation of coating via dual-in-situ growth based on carboxymethyl cellulose.

The lack of antimicrobial effect of commercial paper coating for food packaging makes it difficult to prevent food spoilage and harms the environment by non-biodegradation. Herein, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) provides negatively charged sites for anchoring Ag+ and Zn2+ to grow AgNPs and ZIF-8 in situ on its molecular chains. The ZIF-8/AgNPs@CMC paper coating has excellent synergistic antibacterial activity to prolong the shelf-life of food. It not only has good thermal stability but binds closely to the paper and its adhesion force reaches 628.9 nN. Besides, the ZIF-8/AgNPs@CMC coated paper has better mechanical properties, water vapor barrier, and resists water solubility. Interestingly, due to the confinement effect of ZIF-8, the cumulative release of AgNPs after 168 h is only 2.66 % to avoid possible food safety risks. Especially, the coating can be almost biodegraded in the soil after 30 days, which provides the possibility to replace the non-biodegradable coatings in food packaging.

Hybridization of carboxymethyl chitosan with bimetallic MOFs to construct renewable metal ion "warehouses" with rapid sterilization and long-term antibacterial effects.

Pathogens transmitted through the water environment pose a great threat to human health. Hence developing more reliable and efficient antibacterial materials to eliminate bacterium in water environments is urgent. Herein, we posed a novel strategy of interweaving carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and Ag/Cu-MOFs to construct renewable Ag/Cu-BTC@CMCS composite beads with rapid sterilization, long-term antibacterial effects and high biosafety. Characterizations revealed that CMCS and bimetallic MOFs act as the "warehouses" of metal ions and played key roles in anchoring, storage, delivery, and controlled release of metal ions. The synergistic antibacterial effect achieved by the combination of Ag+ and Cu2+ provides the composite beads with high antibacterial efficiency, resulting in low minimum inhibitory concentrations (0.32 mg/mL against E. coli and 0.16 mg/mL against S. aureus) and over 99.9 % bacteria killing rate. Benefiting from the rapid release of metal ions from polymer chains and the long-term release from MOFs, the composite beads can effectively sterilize the simulated swimming pool water in 2 h and persistently inhibit bacterial reproduction over 48 h, and show a safe level of residual heavy metals because of the chelation of CMCS. This work provides new insights and promises a strategy for the design and commercial application of novel water fungicides.

Multiple/Two-Way Shape Memory Poly(urethane-urea-amide) Elastomers.

Multiple and two-way reversible shape memory polymers (M/2W-SMPs) are highly promising for many fields due to large deformation, lightweight, strong recovery stress, and fast response rates. Herein, a semi-crystalline block poly(urethane-urea-amide) elastomers (PUUAs) are prepared by the copolymerization of isocyanate-terminated polyurethane (OPU) and amino-terminated oligomeric polyamide-1212 (OPA). PUUAs, composed of OPA as stationary phase and PTMEG as reversible phase, exhibit excellent rigidity, flexibility, and resilience, and cPUUA-C7 -S25 exhibits the best tensile property with strength of 10.3 MPa and elongation at break of 360.2%. Besides, all the PUUAs possess two crystallization/melting temperatures and a glass transition temperature, which endow PUUAs with multiple and reversible two-way shape memory effect (M/2W-SME). Physically crosslinked PUUA-C0 -S25 exhibits excellent dual and triple shape memory, and micro chemically crosslinked cPUUA-C7 -S25 further shows quadruple shape memory behavior. Additionally, both PUUA-C0 -S25 and cPUUA-C7 -S25 have 2W-SME. Intriguingly, cPUUA-C7 -S25 can achieve a higher temperature (up to 165 °C) SME, which makes it suitable for more complex and changeable applications. Based on the advantages of M/2W-SME, a temperature-responsive application scenario where PUUAs can transform spontaneously among different shapes is designed. These unique M/2W-SME and high-temperature SME will enable the applications of high-temperature sensors, actuators, and aerospace equipment.

Humidity-/Sweat-Sensitive Electronic Skin with Antibacterial, Antioxidation, and Ultraviolet-Proof Functions Constructed by a Cross-Linked Network.

Most electronic skins (e-skins) show unique performance or possess sensory functions. The raw materials used for their preparation are potentially toxic or harmful, and there may be problems such as poor compatibility between the conductive fillers and polymers. In this paper, a silver-loaded nanocomposite film (PVA/CMS/vanillin/nanoAg) was prepared by the in situ reduction method in a greener route. The mechanical properties of this nanocomposite film had improved with a tensile strength of 30.95 MPa, an elongation at break of 101.9%, and a Young's modulus of 10.62 MPa. In the composite matrix, a cross-linked network was constructed based on the coordination and hydrogen bonds, which was conducive to the stability of the reduced AgNPs and AgNWs. When applied as an e-skin in humidity/sweat sensors and wearable electronics, the nanocomposite film responds to humidity within 60 s and records the electric signals of human joint movements and skin sweating with a response range of 0-140% to strain at 93% RH. This kind of e-skin has excellent antibacterial and antioxidant activities and shows an outstanding ultraviolet-proof performance, which provides a greener promising reference route for the design of wearable e-skins to monitor the health and movements of humans.

The Structural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Semi-Aromatic Polyamide 12T after Stretching.

The development of semi-aromatic polyamides with excellent mechanical properties has always been a popular research avenue. In this work, the semi-aromatic polyamide 12T (PA12T) with the maximum tensile strength of 465.5 MPa was prepared after stretching at 210 °C 4.6 times. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to characterize the structural evolution of semi-aromatic polyamide 12T (PA12T) after stretching at different stretching temperatures and stretching ratios. The formation mechanism of this change in mechanical properties was investigated from different aspects of the aggregated structure such as crystal morphology, crystal orientation and crystallinity. The relevant characterization results show that the crystal structure, crystal orientation and crystallinity of PA12T were the highest when the sample was pre-stretched at 210 °C, which is crucial for improving the mechanical properties of PA12T. These findings will provide important guidance for the preparation of polymer materials with excellent mechanical properties.

Multifunctional flexible Ag-MOFs@CMFP composite paper for fruit preservation and real-time wireless monitoring of fruit quality during storage and transportation.

The global annual fruit and vegetable waste accounts for more than half of food waste, and the main cause of this waste is the deterioration of fruit and vegetable. In addition, fruit spoilage can produce foodborne illnesses and pose a public health threat. In order to guarantee the quality and safety of fruits in the fruit supply chain. We prepared multifunctional silver based metal-organic frameworks@carboxymethyl filter paper (Ag-MOFs@CMFP) composite paper by in situ synthesis. The composite paper used in fruit packaging can effectively slows down fruit deterioration. Besides, Ag-MOFs@CMFP composite paper can reflect the quality of the fruit by detecting changes in humidity, which has yet to be reported elsewhere. Significantly, transmitting the humidity response signal to the mobile phone can realize remote real-time wireless monitoring of fruit quality. This work may contribute to achieve the integration of real-time wireless monitoring, preservation and packaging for fruit-supply chain.

Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China.

H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin gene have been widely circulating in wild birds and are responsible for the loss of over 70 million domestic poultry in Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America since October 2020. During our routine surveillance, 13 H5N1 viruses were isolated from 26,767 wild bird and poultry samples that were collected between September 2021 and March 2022 in China. To investigate the origin of these Chinese isolates and understand their genetic relationship with the globally circulating H5N1 viruses, we performed a detailed phylogenic analysis of 233 representative H5N1 strains that were isolated from 28 countries. We found that, after they emerged in the Netherlands, the H5N1 viruses encountered complicated gene exchange with different viruses circulating in wild birds and formed 16 genotypes. Genotype one (G1) was predominant, being detected in 22 countries, whereas all other genotypes were only detected in one or two continents. H5N1 viruses of four genotypes (G1, G7, G9, and G10) were detected in China; three of these genotypes have been previously reported in other countries. The H5N1 viruses detected in China replicated in mice, with pathogenicity varying among strains; the G1 virus was highly lethal in mice. Moreover, we found that these viruses were antigenically similar to and well matched with the H5-Re14 vaccine strain currently used in China. Our study reveals the overall picture of H5N1 virus evolution and provides insights for the control of these viruses.