ABSTRACT
Physical exercise has been shown to have an impact on memory and hippocampal function across different age groups. Nevertheless, the influence and mechanisms underlying how voluntary exercise during puberty affects memory are still inadequately comprehended. This research aims to examine the impacts of self-initiated physical activity throughout adolescence on spatial memory. Developing mice were exposed to a 4-wk voluntary wheel running exercise protocol, commencing at the age of 30 d. After engaging in voluntary wheel running exercise during development, there was an enhancement in spatial memory. Moreover, hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA3 neurons rather than CA1 neurons exhibited an increase in the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In addition, there was an increase in the expression of NR2A/NR2B subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and α1GABAA subunit of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, as well as dendritic spine density, specifically within dentate gyrus and CA3 regions rather than CA1 region. The findings suggest that voluntary exercise during development can enhance spatial memory in mice by increasing synapse numbers and improving synaptic transmission in hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA3 regions, but not in CA1 region. This study sheds light on the neural mechanisms underlying how early-life exercise improves cognitive function.
Subject(s)
Dentate Gyrus , Spatial Memory , Mice , Animals , Dentate Gyrus/metabolism , Motor Activity , Sexual Maturation , Hippocampus/metabolism , Synaptic Transmission/physiologyABSTRACT
Introduction: Background: exercise can increase the species and quantity of beneficial gut microbiota, enrich the diversity of microflora, and promote the development of symbiotic bacteria, especially in the stage of ontogeny. However, there is little evidence of the short-term voluntary exercise effect on the gut microbiota in developing mice. Material and method: therefore, we used short-term voluntary wheel running model to study the gut microbiota of developing mice (1 month old), and detected the fecal samples by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: the results showed that after 4 weeks of voluntary wheel running, the body weight of the running group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Conclusion: there was a significant separation between the running group and the control group in beta diversity measures. At the family level, the clostridiales flora of the running group was higher than that of the control group. Compared with the control group, the abundance of parabacteroides flora and anaerovorax flora increased significantly, and the abundance of anaerotruncus flora and odoribacter flora decreased significantly in the running group. These results showed that gut microbiota be affected after short-term voluntary wheel running in developing mice.
Introducción: Introducción: el ejercicio puede aumentar las especies y la cantidad de microbiota intestinal beneficiosa, enriquecer la diversidad de la microflora y promover el desarrollo de bacterias simbióticas, especialmente en la etapa de ontogenia. Sin embargo, hay poca evidencia del efecto del ejercicio voluntario a corto plazo sobre la microbiota intestinal en ratones en desarrollo. Material y método: por lo tanto, utilizamos un modelo de carrera de ruedas voluntario a corto plazo para estudiar la microbiota intestinal de ratones en desarrollo (1 mes de edad) y detectamos las muestras fecales mediante la secuenciación del gen 16S rRNA. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que después de 4 semanas de carrera voluntaria con ruedas, el peso corporal del grupo de carrera fue significativamente más bajo que el del grupo de control. Conclusión: hubo una diferencia significativa entre el grupo de corredores y el grupo de control en las medidas de diversidad beta. A nivel familiar, la flora de clostridiales del grupo de corredores fue mayor que la del grupo de control. En comparación con el grupo de control, la abundancia de flora parabacteroides y flora anaerovorax aumentó significativamente, y la abundancia de flora anaerotruncus y flora odoribacter disminuyó significativamente en el grupo de carrera. Estos resultados mostraron que la microbiota intestinal se ve afectada después de la carrera voluntaria a corto plazo en ratones en desarrollo.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Physical Conditioning, Animal , Animals , Feces/microbiology , Mice , Motor Activity , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/geneticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the operation success rates of extracting maxillary teeth without palatal injection. STUDY DESIGN: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SinoMed, and the references of the identified full-text articles were searched for relevant studies, published until June 2017, that met the eligibility criteria. Experimental data were combined by meta-analysis by using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: Seven randomized controlled trials were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with the control groups (given the recommended combination of buccal and palatal anesthesia, also known as routine infiltration anesthesia), experimental group (single buccal anesthesia) for the removal of maxillary permanent teeth at conventional doses, which resulted in a reduction in the success rate (odds ratio = 0.14; 95% confidence interval 0.07-0.27; P < .00001). CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that without the use of palatal injections, the success rate of maxillary permanent teeth removal is undoubtedly reduced. However, larger and higher-quality tests are needed to confirm and optimize the effect of this anesthesia procedure.
