ABSTRACT
Microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA sequences were studied for the two subspecies of orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), which are located in Borneo (P. p. pygmaeus) and Sumatra (P. p. abelii), respectively. Both subspecies possess marked genetic diversity. Genetic subdivision was identified within the Sumatran orangutans. The genetic differentiation between the two subspecies is highly significant for ND5 region but not significant for 16s rRNA or microsatellite data by exact tests, although FST estimates are highly significant for these markers. Divergence time between the two subspecies is approximately 2.3 +/- 0.5 million years ago (MYA) estimated from our data, much earlier than the isolation of their geological distribution. Neither subspecies underwent a recent bottleneck, though the Sumatran subspecies might have experienced expansion approximately 82,000 years ago. The estimated effective population sizes for both subspecies are on the order of 104. Our results contribute additional information that may be interpreted in the context of orangutan conservation efforts.
Subject(s)
Biological Evolution , Pongo pygmaeus/classification , Pongo pygmaeus/genetics , Animals , Base Sequence , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Female , Genetic Variation , Linkage Disequilibrium , Male , Microsatellite Repeats , Models, Genetic , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , RNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid , Sex Factors , Time FactorsABSTRACT
We observed here that the expression of B lymphocyte chemokine (BLC/CXCL13) was markedly enhanced in the thymus and kidney in aged (NZB x NZW)F1 (BWF1) mice developing lupus nephritis, but not in similarly aged NZB and NZW mice. BLC-positive cells were present in the cellular infiltrates in the target organs with a reticular pattern of staining. CD11b+CD11c+ dendritic cells were increased in the thymus and spleen in aged BWF1 mice and identified as the major cell source for BLC. CD4+ T cells as well as B cells were dramatically increased in the thymus in aged BWF1 mice, whereas no increase was observed in aged NZB and NZW mice. B1/B2 ratio in the thymus was significantly higher than those in the spleen and peripheral blood in aged BWF1 mice. Interestingly, BLC showed preferential chemotactic activity for B1 cells derived from several mouse strains, including nonautoimmune mice. Cell surface CXCR5 expression on B1 cells was significantly higher than that on B2 cells. Thus, aberrant high expression of BLC by myeloid dendritic cells in the target organs in aged BWF1 mice may play a pivotal role in breaking immune tolerance in the thymus and in recruiting autoantibody-producing B cells in the development of murine lupus.
Subject(s)
B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis , Chemotaxis, Leukocyte , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Integrin alphaXbeta2/analysis , Lupus Nephritis/immunology , Macrophage-1 Antigen/analysis , Aging , Animals , B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , Cells, Cultured , Chemokine CXCL13 , Chemokines, CXC/genetics , Kidney/immunology , Liver/immunology , Lung/immunology , Mice , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , Thymus Gland/immunology , Transcriptional ActivationABSTRACT
The title compound, C15H11N3O, is basically planar except that the pyridine ring is slightly titled, the dihedral angle between the pyridyl and quinolyl rings being 3.55 (5) degrees. The crystal grows in two directions and the crystal packing is stabilized by pi-pi stacking interactions.
