ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Evidences regarding the associations between maternal upper respiratory tract infection/influenza during pregnancy and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) is still controversial. This study was specifically designed to examine the associations by a case-control study and a meta-analysis of the published evidences and our finding. METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study involving 262 children with simple CHD and 262 children with complex CHD, along with 262 control children, was conducted through June, 2016 to December, 2017. All children were aged 0-2 years old. Furthermore, a meta-analysis based on both previously published studies and our case-control study was performed. RESULTS: In the case-control study, after adjusting for possible confounders, maternal upper respiratory tract infection/influenza during early pregnancy was found to be related to an increased risk of CHD (OR = 3.40 and 95% CI: 2.05-5.62 for simple CHD; OR = 2.39 and 95% CI: 1.47-3.88 for complex CHD). After a meta-analysis, the adverse impact was still kept significant (OR = 1.47 and 95% CI: 1.28-1.67 for simple CHD; OR = 1.44 and 95% CI: 1.14-1.75 for complex CHD). The very similar associations were also observed among single type of CHD, herein, ventricular septal defects (VSD) and tetralogy of fallot (TOF) in the case-control study. In the subsequent meta-analysis, however, the significant association only existed in VSD. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is still conflicting in TOF, the results are overall consistent, which provide new enforced evidence that maternal upper respiratory tract infection/influenza during early pregnancy, in general, play an important role in the occurrence of CHD.
Subject(s)
Common Cold/epidemiology , Heart Defects, Congenital/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Case-Control Studies , Child, Preschool , Common Cold/diagnosis , Common Cold/virology , Female , Gestational Age , Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/virology , Male , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology , Prevalence , Risk Assessment , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
A method for the determination of Cr, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ti, Cu and Mg impurity elements of alloy aluminum of ICP-AES was studied. Working conditions were optimized. The method is simple, rapid, precise and convenient. The relative standard deviation is less than 6.3%. The recovery is 94%-105%. The results are satisfactory.
