ABSTRACT
A series of novel Heteroaryldihydropyrimidines (HAPs) derivatives were designed and synthesized as potent inhibitors of HBV capsid assembly. These compounds were prepared from efforts to optimize an earlier series of HAPs, and compounds Mo1, Mo7, Mo8, Mo10, Mo12, and Mo13 demonstrated potent inhibition of HBV DNA replication at submicromolar range.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Capsid/drug effects , Hepatitis B virus/drug effects , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Capsid/metabolism , Cell Survival/drug effects , DNA, Viral/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Hep G2 Cells , Hepatitis B virus/growth & development , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
An efficient synthesis of enantiopure (R)-heteroarylpyrimidine analogs is described here, which involves introduction of a chiral group, formation and separation of diasteroisomers and final transformation of an amide to an ester. The absolute configuration of the enantiopure HAPs is confirmed by X-ray analysis of their intermediates.
Subject(s)
Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Crystallography, X-Ray , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Pyrimidines/isolation & purification , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Thermoplastic starch was prepared by adding oxidized starches and glycerol together into starch. The addition of oxidized starch improved the rheological properties and also increased the toughness of thermoplastic starch. Compared with TPS30, the elongation at break increased from 126.8% to 152.5% when 5wt% OS 117% was added. Good compatibility of thermoplastic starch between the matrix and oxidized starch was confirmed by SEM. The addition of oxidized starch lowered the storage modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) of thermoplastic starch, decreasing Tg from 34.1 to 30°C when 10 wt% OS117% was added. The thermal stability of blending was improved by adding oxidized starches, i.e. when 5 wt% OS70% was added, T5% increased from 134 to 156°C.
Subject(s)
Plastics/chemistry , Starch/chemistry , Elastic Modulus , Hot Temperature , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Oxidation-Reduction , Rheology , Tensile Strength , ThermogravimetryABSTRACT
AIM:To study the effect of hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis induced by TNF-alpha on the pathogenesis of acute severe hepatitis (ASH).METHODS:The model of ASH was prepared in D-galactosamine (GalN) sensitized BALB/c mice by injection of either endotoxin (ET) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha. Morphological changes of apoptotic hepatocytes were studied by both light and electron microscope and in site end labeling method (ISEL). Molecular biological changes of DNA ladder were observed by electrophoresis of extract from liver tissues. Biochemical changes were measured by alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartic aminotransferase (AST) and TNF-alpha. The relation between apoptosis and necrosis was evaluated simultaneously.RESULTS:The sequence of hepatocyte apoptosis, necrosis, and final death from ASH was observed both in GalN/ET and GalN/TNF-alpha group. Apoptosis was prominent at 3.5h and 6h after injection of inducer, while necrosis became dominant at 9h after challenge. The appearance of apoptosis was earlier in GalN/TNF-alpha group than that in GalN/ET group. Pretreatment of mice with antiTNF IgG1 may completely prevent the liver injury induced by GalN/ET.CONCLUSION:TNF-alpha can cause liver amage by inducing hepatic apoptosis and necrosis in mice with endotoxemia.
