ABSTRACT
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder which is prevalent in women and the elderly. Current insomnia drugs mainly target the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, melatonin receptor, histamine receptor, orexin, and serotonin receptor. GABAA receptor modulators are ordinarily used to manage insomnia, but they are known to affect sleep maintenance, including residual effects, tolerance, and dependence. In an effort to discover new drugs that relieve insomnia symptoms while avoiding side effects, numerous studies focusing on the neurotransmitter GABA and herbal medicines have been conducted. Traditional herbal medicines, such as Piper methysticum and the seed of Zizyphus jujuba Mill var. spinosa, have been widely reported to improve sleep and other mental disorders. These herbal medicines have been applied for many years in folk medicine, and extracts of these medicines have been used to study their pharmacological actions and mechanisms. Although effective and relatively safe, natural plant products have some side effects, such as hepatotoxicity and skin reactions effects of Piper methysticum. In addition, there are insufficient evidences to certify the safety of most traditional herbal medicine. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding a variety of natural plant products that are commonly used to treat insomnia to facilitate future studies.
ABSTRACT
A new eremophilane sesquiterpenoid, namely, 3ß-angeloyloxy-6ß,8ß-dihydroxy-9ß-senecioyloxyeremophil-7(11)-en-12,8α-lactone, along with eight known sesquiterpenoids, was isolated from the rhizome of Farfugium japonicum. The structures of all isolates were identified based on analyses of spectroscopic data (HRESIMS, IR, 1D, and 2D NMR) and comparison with literature data. The inhibitory effects of compounds 1-4 on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccaride-activated mouse macrophages were also evaluated.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Asteraceae/chemistry , Macrophages/drug effects , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Cell Line , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Down-Regulation , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Macrophages/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mice , Molecular Structure , Plants, Medicinal , Rhizome , Sesquiterpenes/chemistry , Sesquiterpenes/isolation & purification , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraredABSTRACT
Four abietane diterpenoids, inflexanin C, inflexanin D, inflexuside A and inflexuside B, were isolated from the aerial parts of Isodon inflexus. Their respective structures were established by NMR, mass spectrometry and CD as (+)-(1S,4R,5S,7S,8S,10S,13S)-1,7,18-trihydroxy-abieta-9(11)-ene-12-one 1-monoacetate, (+)-(1S,4R,5S,10S,13S)-1,18-dihydroxy-abieta-7,9(11)-diene-12-one 1-monoacetate, (-)-(1S,5S,10S,11R,13R)-1,11,13-trihydroxy-abieta-8-ene-7-one 1-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside and (-)-(1S,5S,10S,11R,13R)-1,11,13-trihydroxy-abieta-8-ene-7-one 1-O-(2-O-coumaroyl)-ß-D-glucopyranoside. All compounds showed strong inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-activated macrophages.
