ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy of reflex entropy (RE)/state entropy (SE) in monitoring the response to nociceptive stimulus during propofol-remifentanil infusion.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>After the approval of the hospital ethics committee, sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification 1-2 patients, aged 18-65 years, receiving the hypogastrium operation undergoing general anesthesia, were randomly allocated to groups A and B with different remifentanil concentrations. After the concentration of propofol and remifentanil reached balance, tetanic stimulation, intubation, and incision were performed respectively with certain intervals. RE and SE were monitored during this procedure.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twelve patients were withdrawn from this study due to the use of vasoactive drugs. Finally, there were 28 cases in group A and 20 cases in group B. The RE and SE were not significantly changed before and after the tetanic stimulation in both groups (all P>0.05). Both RE and SE were significantly increased after intubation in group B (both P<0.05) and after skin incision in both groups (all P<0.05). Under the same stimulation, RE and SE showed no significant difference among groups administered with different levels of remifentanil (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Under the anesthesia with propofol+remifentanil, nociceptive response may cause the increase of RE and SE. Therefore, RE and SE may be useful parameters for monitoring the nociceptive response during general anaesthesia.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Anesthesia, General , Electroencephalography , Entropy , Feasibility Studies , Monitoring, Intraoperative , Nociceptive Pain , Physical Stimulation , Piperidines , PropofolABSTRACT
Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (AACT) is the first enzyme in the terpene synthesis pathway, catalyzed two units of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA. In order to study the tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a novel AACT gene, SmAACT, was cloned using cDNA microarray and RACE strategy. The full length cDNA of SmAACT is 1 623 bp (accession No. EF635969), which contained a 1 200 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 399 amino acid protein. Nine introns were found in the genomic sequence. SmAACT was upregulated by YE and Ag+ elicitors both with cDNA microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analyses along with the accumulation of tanshinones. Sequence homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis all suggested that SmAACT belonged to the class of acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase. The transcription level of SmAACT was relatively higher in root than that in stem and leaf tissues. SNP analysis revealed that SmAACT was highly variable in the region of 6 to 9 introns with 33 SNPs in the 600 bp region, there are 5 SNPs in the cDNA region while they are all synonymous cSNPs. Some special genotypes were found in Salvia miltiorrhiza from different areas. SmAACT will be an useful gene for further analyze the mechanism of gene regulation among the tanshinones biosynthesis.
Subject(s)
Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase/genetics , Plants, Medicinal/enzymology , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Salvia miltiorrhiza/enzymology , Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Base Sequence , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Genotype , Introns , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Open Reading Frames , Phylogeny , Plant Leaves/enzymology , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Roots/enzymology , Plant Roots/genetics , Plant Stems/enzymology , Plant Stems/genetics , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Plants, Medicinal/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Salvia miltiorrhiza/classification , Salvia miltiorrhiza/geneticsABSTRACT
The purpose of the present study is to establish a rapid and effective PCR method for the identification of B. multicinctus. Based on sequence alignment of B. multicinctus and its adulterants, we found that Cyt b gene is a good molecular genetic marker for the authentication of B. multicinctus. On the basis of the sequence data, a pair of highly specialized primers was designed. The templates were extracted by the DNA purification system. Key factors such as annealing temperature, concentration of Taq enzyme and cycle numbers were analyzed and optimized. The modified PCR program consisted of an initial denaturation step at 95 degrees C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 95 degrees C for 30 s and 55 degrees C for 45 s and a final extension at 72 degrees C for 5 min. Thirteen samples of B. multicinctus were identified accurately from their 20 adulterants in 4 hours. The results indicated it is a highly accurate, rapid and applicable method for the authentication of B. multicinctus.
