An insight into the gut microbiota after Schistosoma japonicum eggs immunization in an experimental ulcerative colitis model.

Schistosome infection and schistosome-derived products have been implicated in the prevention and alleviation of inflammatory bowel disease by manipulating the host immune response, whereas the role of gut microbiota in this protective effect remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that the intraperitoneal immunization with Schistosoma japonicum eggs prior to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) application significantly ameliorated the symptoms of DSS-induced acute colitis, which was characterized by higher body weight, lower disease activity index score and macroscopic inflammatory scores. We demonstrated that the immunomodulatory effects of S. japonicum eggs were accompanied by an influence on gut microbiota composition, abundance, and diversity, which increased the abundance of genus Turicibacter, family Erysipelotrichaceae, phylum Firmicutes, and decreased the abundance of genus Odoribacter, family Marinifilaceae, order Bacteroidales, class Bacteroidia, phylum Bacteroidota. In addition, Lactobacillus was identified as a biomarker that distinguishes healthy control mice from DSS-induced colitis mice. The present study revealed the importance of the gut microbiota in S. japonicum eggs exerting protective effects in an experimental ulcerative colitis (UC) model, providing an alternative strategy for the discovery of UC prevention and treatment drugs.

Association between ABO genotypes and risk of dementia and neuroimaging markers: roles of sex and APOE status.

Background: Whether the relationships between ABO blood genotypes (AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, and OO) and dementia are modified by gender and APOE status has been unclear. Methods: We used data from the UK Biobank, a population-based cohort study of 487,425 individuals. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between ABO genotypes and risk of dementia. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the relationship between ABO genotypes and MRI-based brain indices. Results: Overall, 487,425 participants were included at baseline. After 34 million person-years follow up, 7,548 patients developed all-cause dementia. Before stratifying by sex and APOE status, compared to OO genotype, BB genotype was associated with increased risk of all-cause dementia (1.36, 1.03-1.80) and other types dementia (1.65, 1.20-2.28). After stratifying by sex, only in males, BB genotype was associated with higher risk of all-cause dementia (1.44, 1.02-2.09) and other types of dementia (1.95, 1.30-2.93). AB genotype in males was also associated with increased AD (1.34, 1.04-1.72). After further stratifying by APOE e4 status, BB genotype with two APOE e4 alleles showed even stronger association with all-cause dementia 4.29 (1.57, 11.72) and other types dementia (5.49, 1.70-17.69) in males. Also in males, AA genotype with one APOE e4 was associated with increased risks of all-cause dementia (1.27, 1.04-1.55), AD (1.45, 1.09-1.94) and other types dementia (1.40, 1.08-1.81). Linear regression models showed that in both sexes with APOE e4, AA genotype was associated with reduced total grey matter volume. Conclusion: Sex and APOE e4 carrier status modified the association between ABO genotypes and risk of dementia. In males, BB genotype was consistently associated with increased risk of dementia, especially in those with two APOE e4 alleles. Also, in males with one APOE e4, AA genotype might be linked to higher risk of dementia.

CircSSBP2 acts as a MiR-2400 sponge to promote intramuscular preadipocyte proliferation by regulating NDRG1.

Intramuscular fat (IMF) is a critical factor in beef quality. IMF is mainly distributed between muscle fibres and its accumulation can affect the marbling and meat quality of beef. IMF formation and deposition is a complex process and in recent years a group of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), known as circRNAs, have been discovered to play an important role in regulating intramuscular fat deposition. CircRNAs form a covalent loop structure after reverse splicing of precursor mRNAs. They can act by adsorbing miRNAs, thereby reducing their repressive effects on downstream target genes. Based on high-throughput sequencing of circRNAs in intramuscular fat of Qinchuan and Japanese black cattle, we identified a novel circSSBP2 that is differentially expressed between the two species and associated with adipogenesis. We show that circSSBP2 knockdown promotes bovine intramuscular preadipocyte proliferation, whereas overexpression inhibits bovine intramuscular preadipocyte proliferation. We also show that circSSBP2 can act as a molecular sponge for miR-2400 and that miR-2400 overexpression promotes bovine intramuscular preadipocyte proliferation. Furthermore, N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-2400, and NDRG1 interference promoted the proliferation of bovine intramuscular preadipocytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that circSSBP2 inhibits the proliferation of bovine intramuscular preadipocytes by regulating the miR-2400/NDRG1 axis.

A bibliometric analysis of acupuncture for cerebral infarction from 1993 to 2023.

Objective: This research aims to explore the trends and knowledge domain of acupuncture for cerebral infarction through bibliometrics. Methods: Publications related to acupuncture for cerebral infarction were retrieved from the Web of Science core collection database from 1993 to December 31, 2023. A domain knowledge graph was then constructed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, GraphPad Prism, and Scimago Graphica. Results: The cumulative publication trend shows a steady increase over the years, with China being the most productive country. Notably, Europe exhibits significant close collaboration. Institutional cooperation is primarily observed among Chinese universities specializing in traditional Chinese medicine. Tao Jing is the most prolific author, with his highest number of publications is in "Stroke" journal, and Acupuncture Electro Therapeutics Research is the significant journal. Zhang SH is the most cited author, and Si QM is a prominent author in this field. Rehabilitation treatment after cerebral infarction emerges as a prevalent research focus, with nerve regeneration being a keyword. Long EZ's 1989 paper, published in the journal Stroke, holds significant importance. The prominent papers are Donnan et al. and Wu et al., which covers the following topics: "population-based study," "Baihui Acupoint," "memory deficits," "neurotrophic factor," and "randomized trial." Conclusion: This bibliometric analysis of acupuncture for cerebral infarction offers insights into the Web of Science database, delineates a knowledge map of countries, authors, institutions, cited authors, keywords, cited references in the field of acupuncture for cerebral infarction, which has a momentous guiding significance for quickly and accurately positioning the key information in the field.

Machine-learning-based models to predict cardiovascular risk using oculomics and clinic variables in KNHANES.

BACKGROUND: Recent researches have found a strong correlation between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index or the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, there is a lack of research on non-invasive and rapid prediction of cardiovascular risk. We aimed to develop and validate a machine-learning model for predicting cardiovascular risk based on variables encompassing clinical questionnaires and oculomics. METHODS: We collected data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The training dataset (80% from the year 2008 to 2011 KNHANES) was used for machine learning model development, with internal validation using the remaining 20%. An external validation dataset from the year 2012 assessed the model's predictive capacity for TyG-index or AIP in new cases. We included 32122 participants in the final dataset. Machine learning models used 25 algorithms were trained on oculomics measurements and clinical questionnaires to predict the range of TyG-index and AIP. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were used to evaluate the performance of our machine learning models. RESULTS: Based on large-scale cohort studies, we determined TyG-index cut-off points at 8.0, 8.75 (upper one-third values), 8.93 (upper one-fourth values), and AIP cut-offs at 0.318, 0.34. Values surpassing these thresholds indicated elevated cardiovascular risk. The best-performing algorithm revealed TyG-index cut-offs at 8.0, 8.75, and 8.93 with internal validation AUCs of 0.812, 0.873, and 0.911, respectively. External validation AUCs were 0.809, 0.863, and 0.901. For AIP at 0.34, internal and external validation achieved similar AUCs of 0.849 and 0.842. Slightly lower performance was seen for the 0.318 cut-off, with AUCs of 0.844 and 0.836. Significant gender-based variations were noted for TyG-index at 8 (male AUC=0.832, female AUC=0.790) and 8.75 (male AUC=0.874, female AUC=0.862) and AIP at 0.318 (male AUC=0.853, female AUC=0.825) and 0.34 (male AUC=0.858, female AUC=0.831). Gender similarity in AUC (male AUC=0.907 versus female AUC=0.906) was observed only when the TyG-index cut-off point equals 8.93. CONCLUSION: We have established a simple and effective non-invasive machine learning model that has good clinical value for predicting cardiovascular risk in the general population.

Influence of chloride salt erosion on the adhesion of asphalt-aggregate interfaces considering mineral anisotropy: insights from molecular dynamics.

CONTEXT: Asphalt, a polymer mixture composed of various hydrocarbons, is extensively utilized due to its excellent performance. To evaluate the sensitivity of asphalt concrete to chloride salt damage at the nanoscale, considering the anisotropy of aggregate mineral crystal orientation, molecular dynamic simulations were employed to model the interface interactions between asphalt and aggregate mineral components (silica and calcite) under chloride salt exposure. The wetting processes of water droplets and chloride salt droplets on different crystal surfaces of silica and calcite were analyzed. Furthermore, the adhesive energy, decohesion energy, degradation ratio, and energy ratio of the interaction model between asphalt and aggregate mineral interfaces were analyzed to reveal the variations in the interfaces between the two components. The results demonstrated that the anisotropy of the minerals significantly affects the adhesion energy of asphalt and aggregate. Moreover, the surface hydrophilicity of calcite was larger than that of silica. The interfacial adhesion energy of asphalt-calcite was larger than that of asphalt-silica under dry condition and chloride salt attack, and the interfacial adhesion energy of both asphalt and mineral decreased with the increase of chloride salt concentration. The degradation ratio and energy ratio values of asphalt and calcite were larger than those of asphalt and silica, and the anisotropy of the mineral surface affected the degradation ratio and energy ratio values. This study provides a new method and theoretical basis for further research on the damage mechanism and strengthening measures of asphalt-aggregate under chloride salt attack. METHODS: To investigate the interaction between asphalt and mineral aggregates under chloride salt erosion, models of asphalt, aggregate, and asphalt/aggregate composite systems were constructed using the Amorphous Cell module in Materials Studio 2020 software. Molecular dynamic simulations of the asphalt/aggregate composite system were then conducted using the Forcite module, employing the COMPASS II force field to describe atomic and molecular interactions. Initially, considering the crystal orientation and surface configuration of the aggregate minerals, the impact of mineral anisotropy on the asphalt-aggregate interface model was analyzed. Subsequently, by simulating the contact states of nano water droplets and chloride salt droplets with different mineral surfaces, the wetting characteristics of nano water droplets on silica and calcite surfaces were determined. Lastly, considering the corrosion effect of chloride solution at different concentrations, the adhesion energy, debonding energy, degradation ratio, and energy ratio of the asphalt-aggregate interface interaction model were analyzed.

CA-UNet Segmentation Makes a Good Ischemic Stroke Risk Prediction.

Stroke is still the World's second major factor of death, as well as the third major factor of death and disability. Ischemic stroke is a type of stroke, in which early detection and treatment are the keys to preventing ischemic strokes. However, due to the limitation of privacy protection and labeling difficulties, there are only a few studies on the intelligent automatic diagnosis of stroke or ischemic stroke, and the results are unsatisfactory. Therefore, we collect some data and propose a 3D carotid Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) image segmentation model called CA-UNet for fully automated extraction of carotid arteries. We explore the number of down-sampling times applicable to carotid segmentation and design a multi-scale loss function to resolve the loss of detailed features during the process of down-sampling. Moreover, based on CA-Unet, we propose an ischemic stroke risk prediction model to predict the risk in patients using their 3D CTA images, electronic medical records, and medical history. We have validated the efficacy of our segmentation model and prediction model through comparison tests. Our method can provide reliable diagnoses and results that benefit patients and medical professionals.

NADase CD38 is a key determinant of ovarian aging.

The ovary ages earlier than most other tissues, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here a comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic landscapes in different organs in young and middle-aged mice revealed that the ovaries showed earlier expression of age-associated genes, identifying increased NADase CD38 expression and decreased NAD+ levels in the ovary of middle-aged mice. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that CD38 deletion mitigated ovarian aging, preserving fertility and follicle reserve in aged mice by countering age-related gene expression changes and intercellular communication alterations. Mechanistically, the earlier onset of inflammation induced higher expression levels of CD38 and decreased NAD+ levels in the ovary, thereby accelerating ovarian aging. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition of CD38 enhanced fertility in middle-aged mice. Our findings revealed the mechanisms underlying the earlier aging of the ovary relative to other organs, providing a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating age-related female infertility.

Inhibition of calcium imbalance protects hepatocytes from vanadium exposure-induced inflammation by mediating mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes in ducks.

Vanadium (V) is an essential mineral element in animals, but excessive V can lead to many diseases, affecting the health of humans and animals. However, the molecular crosstalk between mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) and inflammation under V exposure is still at the exploratory stage. This study was conducted to determine the molecular crosstalk between MAMs and inflammation under V exposure in ducks. In this study, duck hepatocytes were treated with NaVO3 (0 µM, 100 µM, and 200 µM) and 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borate (2-APB) (IP3R inhibitor) alone or in combination for 24 h. The data showed that V exposure-induced cell vacuolization, enlarged intercellular space, and decreased density and viability. Meanwhile, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malonaldehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were upregulated under V treatment. In addition, excessive V could lead to a marked reduction in the MAMs structure, destruction of the membrane structure and overload of intracellular Ca2+ and mitochondrial Ca2+. Moreover, V treatment resulted in notable upregulation of the levels of MAMs-relevant factors (IP3R, Mfn2, Grp75, MCU, VDAC1) but downregulated the levels of IL-18, IL-1ß, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell supernatant. Additionally, it also significantly elevated the levels of inflammation-relevant factors (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, MAVS, IL-18, IL-1ß, and TXNIP). However, the inhibition of IP3R expression attenuated the V-induced variations in the above indicators. Collectively, our results revealed that the maintenance of calcium homeostasis could protect duck hepatocytes from V-induced inflammation injury via MAMs.

Biofilm-developed biomass residues as novel bulking agents and microbial carriers for synergistically enhanced bioevaporation: Degradation potential and contribution to metabolic heat.

Economical and easily prepared bulking agents and microbial carriers are essential in the practical application of bioevaporation process. Biofilm-developed biomass residues not only provide structural support and microbial sources but also may contribute metabolic heat to the bioevaporation process, achieving the enhanced water evaporation and synergistic treatment of biomass residues. In this study, biofilm was cultivated on the rice straw, wheat straw, sawdust, corncob, luffa cylindrica and palm first, then those biofilm-developed biomass residues were successfully used as the bulking agents and microbial carriers in food waste bioevaporation. The degradation potential (volatile solid degradation ratio) of those biomass residues was in the order of corncob (23.96%), wheat straw (21.12%), rice straw (14.57%), luffa cylindrica (11.02%), sawdust (-2.87%) and palm (-9.24%). It's primarily the degradation of the major components, cellulose and hemicellulose, in corncob and wheat straw governed the metabolic heat contribution (91.73 and 79.61%) to the bioevaporation process. While the high lignin content in sawdust (14.57%) and palm (28.62%) caused negligible degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose, hence made them only function as structural supporter and did not contribute any metabolic heat. Moreover, though the metabolic heat contribution of rice straw and luffa cylindrica reached 58.19 and 37.84%, their lowest lignocellulose content (62.99 and 65.95%) and their lower density, as well as the dominated Xanthomonas (bacteria) and Mycothermus (fungi) led to their rapid collapse during the repeated cycles of bioevaporation. The greatest abundance of thermophilic bacteria (22.3-88.0%) and thermophilic fungi (82.0-99.3%) was observed in the corncob pile. Furthermore, considering the Staphylococcus (pathogenic bacteria) and Candida (animal pathogen) was effectively inhibited, the biofilm-developed corncob was the most favorable bulking agents and microbial carrier for the synergistic bioevaporation of highly concentrated organic wastewater and biomass residues.

Transcriptional profile of Trichomonas vaginalis in response to metronidazole.

BACKGROUND: Trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, combined with its complications, has long frequently damaged millions of human health. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the first choice for therapy. Therefore, a better understanding of its trichomonacidal process to ultimately reveal the global mechanism of action is indispensable. To take a step toward this goal, electron microscopy and RNA sequencing were performed to fully reveal the early changes in T. vaginalis at the cellular and transcriptome levels after treatment with MTZ in vitro. RESULTS: The results showed that the morphology and subcellular structures of T. vaginalis underwent prominent alterations, characterized by a rough surface with bubbly protrusions, broken holes and deformed nuclei with decreased nuclear membranes, chromatin and organelles. The RNA-seq data revealed a total of 10,937 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), consisting of 4,978 upregulated and 5,959 downregulated genes. Most DEGs for the known MTZ activators, such as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) and iron-sulfur binding domain, were significantly downregulated. However, genes for other possible alternative MTZ activators such as thioredoxin reductase, nitroreductase family proteins and flavodoxin-like fold family proteins, were dramatically stimulated. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that genes for basic vital activities, proteostasis, replication and repair were stimulated under MTZ stress, but those for DNA synthesis, more complicated life activities such as the cell cycle, motility, signaling and even virulence were significantly inhibited in T. vaginalis. Meanwhile, increased single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertions - deletions (indels) were stimulated by MTZ. CONCLUSIONS: The current study reveals evident nuclear and cytomembrane damage and multiple variations in T. vaginalis at the transcriptional level. These data will offer a meaningful foundation for a deeper understanding of the MTZ trichomonacidal process and the transcriptional response of T. vaginalis to MTZ-induced stress or even cell death.

Light, pH, and Temperature Triple-Responsive Magnetic Composites for Highly Efficient Phosphopeptide Enrichment.

Smart materials can dynamically and reversibly change their structures and functions in response to external stimuli. In this study, we designed a smart magnetic composite (MNP-pSPA-b-pNIPAm) with a triple response to ultraviolet (UV) light, pH, and temperature. Relying on the response of spiropyranyl acrylate (SPA) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) to external stimuli (light, pH, and temperature), MNP-pSPA-b-pNIPAm was used for the controlled capture and release of phosphopeptides. The established phosphopeptide enrichment platform exhibits high sensitivity (detection limit of 0.04 fmol), high selectivity (BSA/ß-casein, 1000:1), and good reusability (6 cycles). In addition, the method was also applied to the enrichment of phosphopeptides in real samples (skim milk, human saliva, and serum), demonstrating the feasibility of this method for phosphoproteomic analysis. After enriching from human nonsmall cell lung cancer cell (A549) lysates with MNP-pSPA-b-pNIPAm, 2595 phosphopeptides corresponding to 2281 phosphoproteins were identified. The novel responsive enrichment probe is highly specific for phosphoproteomic analysis and provides an effective method for studying the significance of protein phosphorylation in complex biological samples.

Effect of Tea Saponins on Rumen Microbiota and Rumen Function in Qinchuan Beef Cattle.

Antibiotics can promote livestock growth but have side effects, so the search for safe and effective alternatives to antibiotics is urgent. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing cattle feed with tea saponins on ruminal bacteria and fungi. Sixteen Qinchuan beef cattle with a live body weight of 250 ± 10 kg were divided into four groups (four animals in each group) using a completely randomized experimental design. Four different levels of tea saponins were provided to the Qinchuan cattle as treatments, including 0 g/cattle per day control, CON), 10 g/cattle per day (low-level, LT), 20 g/cattle per day (medium-level, MT) and 30 g/cattle per day (high-level, HT). The pre-feeding period was 10 days and the official period was 80 days in this experiment. After 90 days of feeding, the rumen fluid from sixteen Qinchuan beef cattle was collected using an oral stomach tube for evaluating changes in ruminal microbiota and rumen fermentation parameters. Results indicate that the total VFAs and proportions of propionate in the LT group was significantly higher than that in the CON and HT groups (p < 0.05). For ruminal bacteria, results indicate that the Chao1 index of the MT group was significantly lower than the CON and HT groups (p < 0.05). The phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were found to be the most abundant in all treatment groups, with the LT group having significantly increased relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Ascomycota at the phylum level (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Bacteroides was found to be relatively lower in the LT, MT and HT treatment groups compared with the CON treatment group at the genus level (p < 0.05). For ruminal fungi, the LT treatment group was found to have higher relative abundances of Saccharomyces and Aspergillus, and lower relative abundances of Succiniclasticum and Bacteroides at the at the phylum level (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON treatment group, a significant increase in the relative abundance of Saccharomyces and Aspergillus were observed in the LT treatment group at the genus level (p < 0.05). PICRUSt analyses identified pathways associated with Xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism and glycolysisIII to be significantly enriched in the LT and HT treatment groups (p < 0.05). These findings could provide insights on how tea saponins may influence ruminal bacteria and fungi, providing a theoretical basis for replacing antibiotics with tea saponins for promoting growth in cattle.

Overexpression of the Liriodendron tulipifera BOP2 Gene (LtuBOP2) Affects Leaf Margin Development in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.

BLADE-ON-PETIOLE 2 (BOP2) plays a pivotal role in leaf morphogenesis. Liriodendron tulipifera is a suitable model for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf serration formation, which are largely unknown. Here, we isolated the full-length LtuBOP2 gene and its promoter from L. tulipifera and characterized its function in leaf morphogenesis through multidimensional approaches. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of LtuBOP2 indicated the high expression of LtuBOP2 in stems and leaf buds. We constructed LtuBOP2 promoter, fused the promoter sequences to the ß-glucuronidase (GUS) gene, and then transformed them into Arabidopsis thaliana. Histochemical GUS staining results indicated that GUS activity was higher in petioles and the main vein. LtuBOP2 overexpression in A. thaliana caused moderate serration in the leaf tip, owing to the increased number of abnormal lamina epidermal cells and defective vascular tissue, thus indicating a novel role of BOP2. The ectopic expression of LtuBOP2 in A. thaliana promoted the expression of the lateral organ boundary gene ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) and inhibited JAGGED (JAG) and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2 (CUC2) expression to establish leaf proximal-distal polarity. Moreover, LtuBOP2 participated in leaf serration formation by promoting the antagonistic relationship between KNOX I and hormones during leaf margin development. Our findings revealed the role of LtuBOP2 in the proximal-distal polarity formation and development of leaf margin morphology, providing new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the leaf formation development of L. tulipifera.

[Application of smart responsive materials in phosphopeptide and glycopeptide enrichment].

Phosphorylation and glycosylation of proteins, two of the most widely studied post-translational modifications (PTMs), have shown increasing potential in the early non-invasive diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic evaluation of diseases. Besides regulating the function of cell membranes and intracellular signal transduction, protein phosphorylation participates in mitochondrial function and cellular and transcriptional metabolism. Protein glycosylation plays an important role in both intracellular and extracellular signal transduction and intracellular endocytosis. Aberrant phosphorylation and glycosylation of proteins are frequently observed in clinical proteomic studies and in the discovery of disease-related biomarkers. There are generally three methods for detecting protein phosphorylation/glycosylation: isotope radiolabeling, western blotting, and mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry has become the most important and advantageous detection method due to its high throughput and time- and labor-efficiency. However, phosphopeptides and glycopeptides have low stoichiometry and ionization efficiency, and a large number of non-phosphopeptides and -glycopeptides interference. These issues make it difficult to directly detect phosphopeptides and glycopeptides by mass spectrometry. Therefore, the enrichment of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides before mass spectrometry detection is a key step. At present, a variety of materials have been developed for enrichment studies of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. For example, immobilized metal affinity (IMAC) and metal oxide affinity chromatography (MOAC) methods are mostly used for the enrichment of phosphopeptides. The IMAC mainly uses positively charged metal ions and negatively charged phosphate groups to attract each other for the purpose of enriching phosphopeptides. MOAC materials rely on the chelation of metal atoms and phosphate oxygens to capture phosphopeptides. IMAC and MOAC materials rely on strong interactions between metals and phosphate groups, which often lead to difficult elution. The enrichment method for glycopeptides is mainly based on the difference in hydrophilicity between glycopeptides and non-glycopeptides, which are mainly enriched by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). In addition, materials containing compounds such as boronic acid and lectin materials are also widely used for the separation and enrichment of glycopeptides. Smart responsive materials have also been successively reported for the enrichment of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides due to their unique responsiveness and reversibility. Smart responsive materials can respond to external stimuli; undergo structural and property changes; and convert signals such as optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical into biochemical signals. Responsive molecules are a prerequisite for determining the response properties of smart responsive materials, and their reversible isomerization under different stimuli (such as temperature, pH, light, mechanical stress, and electromagnetic field) will lead to dynamic changes in the physical and chemical properties of materials. Compared with traditional materials, smart responsive materials can be reversibly "turned on" and "off" with better controllability. Exogenous stimuli, including temperature, light, ultrasound, electromagnetic field, and mechanical stress, can be implemented in a specific time and space. Exogenous responsive materials do not depend on changes in the reaction system itself and are non-invasive. Enzymes, pH, redox, solution polarity, and ionic strength are endogenous stimuli. Endogenous responsive materials depend on changes in the reaction system itself, and sometimes the regulation process requires the introduction of other chemicals into the reaction system. The identification, capture, and release of phosphopeptides or glycopeptides can be achieved by modulating the interactions between smart responsive materials and phosphopeptides or glycopeptides (such as hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions). This review classifies smart responsive materials according to the types of stimuli, which are specifically divided into exogenous and endogenous responsive materials. The enrichment of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides of exogenous/endogenous responsive materials and endogenous/exogenous co-responsive materials are summarized. In addition, we discuss the development prospects of smart responsive materials in the enrichment of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides, and also raised the challenges existing in the application of smart responsive materials in other protein post-translational modifications.

Deficiency of migration inhibitory factor influences the gut microbiota of C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA.

Cerebral malaria (CM), as one of the most common complications in severe malaria, has threatened millions of individuals' neurological health and even their lives. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic proinflammatory factor in humans, seems to be a risk factor for death in patients with CM, but its functional mechanism remains unclear. To verify whether affecting the intestinal microbes of the host was one of the mechanisms by which MIF regulates CM, C57BL/6 mice, including WT + PbA, MIF-KO + PbA and their uninfected controls, were sent for 16S rRNA-based sequencing targeting the V4 region of the intestinal microbiota through the Illumina MiSeq platform. The results showed that OTU clustering, alpha and beta diversity in the four groups involved had evident variation. The relative abundance at different taxonomic levels, especially the dominant intestinal flora, was obviously changed. The LEfSe analysis screened out several biomarkers, including significantly reduced Ligilactobacillus (Lactobacillus murinus) in WPbA mice compared to the WT group and Akkermansia (Akkermansia_muciniphila) in KPbA mice compared to the WPbA group. For MIF KO groups, mice infected with PbA or uninfected showed significant enrichment of producers of short-chain fatty acids, including Dubosiella and Faecalibaculum (Faecalibaculum rodentium) in KPbA, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Firmicutes_bacterium_M10-2 in KO. This study not only further proved the gut microbiota changes in C57BL/6 mice caused by PbA infection, but also found that MIF deletion directly affected the changes in the gut microbiota of C57BL/6 mice before and after PbA infection. This finding reveals a potential mechanism by which MIF regulates CM. Combining MIF with potential microbial biomarkers will provide a promising idea to develop combined drugs for improving CM in the future.

Proliferation of bovine myoblast by LncPRRX1 via regulation of the miR-137/CDC42 axis.

Noncoding RNAs, such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are abundant in livestock. Many lncRNAs that affect the growth rate of livestock have been identified in muscles. However, some of their physiological functions and regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we identified a new lncRNA (lncPRRX1) and investigated its effect on the proliferation of bovine myoblasts. LncPRRX1 was highly expressed in muscle tissue, and interference with lncPRRX1 inhibited the proliferation of bovine myoblasts in vitro. The RNA molecules of lncPRRX1 act on miR-137 as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). Overexpression of miR-137 suppressed the proliferation of myoblasts, while inhibition of miR-137 had the opposite effect. In addition, the predicted target genes of miR-137 were significantly enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, in which Cell Division Cycle 42 (CDC42) was shown to be the direct target gene of miR-137, and interference with CDC42 inhibited myoblast proliferation. Furthermore, interference with lncPRRX1 repaired the defects in CDC42 protein levels and cell proliferation caused by miR-137 inhibitors. Our results suggested that lncPRRX1 promoted bovine myoblast proliferation by regulating the miRNA-137/CDC42 axis.

Incipient chatter fast and reliable detection method in high-speed milling process based on cumulative strategy.

This paper proposes an incipient chatter detection method to meet high dynamic applications' time and reliability constraints, such as high-speed milling involving heavy noise. The herein introduced method relies on a multiple sampling per revolution (MSPR) technique, coupled with two data preprocessing techniques, a modified adaptive cumulative chatter indicator, and a two-risk levels-based threshold. The MSPR technique enables collecting information-rich enough data to characterize the chatter dynamics thanks to a significant amount of data collected in each revolution. Therefore, the MSPR technique allows for acquiring the data using a short-time window, thus reducing the detection delay. Two data preprocessing techniques, i.e., Z-score normalization and mean-centered, are implemented for data integration and chatter information consolidation. The modified adaptive cumulative chatter indicator has three advantages: (a) it accumulates the information on the chatter feature and highlights the appearance of an incipient chatter; (b) it adapts to the variation of the environmental disturbance noises, resulting in enhanced detection reliability; (c) it is faster than the adaptive cumulative log-likelihood ratio (ACLLR) for decision-making statistically. The two-risk levels-based threshold overcomes the limitations of a unique threshold, and allows simultaneously assessing the two risk levels, thus improving detection reliability. We successfully applied the proposed method to detect incipient chatter in a digital high-speed milling process and assessed its effectiveness by comparing it with several existing chatter detection methods.

Vaccines as a Strategy to Control Trichinellosis.

Trichinellosis caused by Trichinella spiralis is a worldwide food-borne parasitic zoonosis. Several approaches have been performed to control T. spiralis infection, including veterinary vaccines, which contribute to improving animal health and increasing public health by preventing the transmission of trichinellosis from animals to humans. In the past several decades, many vaccine studies have been performed in effort to control T. spiralis infection by reducing the muscle larvae and adult worms burden. Various candidate antigens, selected from excretory-secretory (ES) products and different functional proteins involved in the process of establishing infection have been investigated in rodent or swine models to explore their protective effect against T. spiralis infection. Moreover, different types of vaccines have been developed to improve the protective effect against T. spiralis infection in rodent or swine models, such as live attenuated vaccines, natural antigen vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, DNA vaccines, and synthesized epitope vaccines. However, few studies of T. spiralis vaccines have been performed in pigs, and future research should focus on exploring the protective effect of different types of vaccines in swine models. Here, we present an overview of the strategies for the development of effective T. spiralis vaccines and summarize the factors of influencing the effectiveness of vaccines. We also discuss several propositions in improving the effectiveness of vaccines and may provide a route map for future T. spiralis vaccines development.