ABSTRACT
An unexpected cleavage of the Csp3-CF3 bond of CF3-hydrobenzoxazoles has been disclosed, affording a range of 2-aryl benzoxazoles under metal-free and redox-neutral conditions. This transformation has demonstrated broad substrate scope and good compatibility of functional groups. 2-Aryl benzothiazole and 2-aryl benzoimidazole could be smoothly assembled in the same manner. On the basis of preliminary mechanistic studies, base initiated and aromatization driven ß-carbon elimination was considered to be the key step for the formation of 2. This reaction offers an alternative, facile, and sustainable route to access important 2-aryl benzoxazole motifs.
Subject(s)
Benzoxazoles , Palladium , Carbon , Catalysis , Oxidation-ReductionABSTRACT
An unprecedented base-promoted multi-component one-pot dearomatization of N-alkyl activated azaarenes was developed, which enabled the synthesis of complex and diverse bridged cyclic polycycles with multiple stereocenters in a highly regio- and diastereoselective manner. Besides, we realized the step-controlled dearomative bi- and trifunctionalization of quinolinium salts. These transformations not only achieved the maximization of the reaction sites of pyridinium, quinolinium and isoquinolinium salts to enhance structural complexity and diversity, but also opened up a new reaction mode of these N-activated azaarenes. A unique feature of this strategy is the use of easily accessible and bench-stable N-alkyl activated azaarenes to provide maximum reactive sites for dearomative cascade cyclizations. In addition, the salient characteristics including high synthetic efficiency, short reaction time, mild conditions and simple operation made this strategy particularly attractive.
ABSTRACT
Spectrophotometric method is widely used in the structure determination of biologic macromolecules and non-covalent interactions study for its convenience and speed. In the present paper, spectroscopy methodologies in the study of non-covalent interactions between small-molecule and biomacromolecule is comprehensively reviewed with 25 references. This review article focuses on the applications and development of common spectroscopy methodologies in the study of non-covalent interactions between small molecule and biomacromolecule,including the UV, fluorescence, CD, IR, Raman, resonance light scattering technique and SPR. The advantages and disadvantages of spectroscopy methodologies are also described. UV-Vis absorption spectrum (UV) method is widely used in the study of non-covalent interactions for its convenience and speed. The binding site number, the apparent binding constant and the interaction mode of non-covalent interactions can be obtained by fluorescence spectrum method. Circular dichroism (CD) method is effective way in the study of non-covalent interactions measure. Spectroscopy information about protein secondary structure and conformation can be acquired by infrared spectrometry (IR) method. Raman spectroscopy method is a better way to investigate the conformation change in macromolecules in solution. Non-covalent interactions can be measured by surface plasma resonance (SPR) method under the natural active condition. X-ray diffraction analysis method is better for non-covalent interactions research, but it is difficult to cultivate crystalline complex.
