Mid-arm muscle circumference and triceps skinfold thickness associated with cardiometabolic disease in Chinese residents: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The association of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) with body muscle and fat mass remains unclear. Mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness are easily obtained measuring methods for these two body compositions. This study aimed to investigate the association of CMD with MAMC and TSF thickness among Chinese residents. METHODS: A total of 9440 eligible participants from the China Health and Nutrition Survey were included in the analysis. Associations of CMD prevalence with MAMC and TSF thickness were estimated using logistic regression models. Multivariable COX proportional-hazards regression models were used to estimate the effect of baseline MAMC and TSF thickness on subsequent CMD. RESULTS: Positive associations of CMD prevalence with MAMC (odds ratio [OR] = 1.169, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.110-1.232, P < 0.001) and TSF thickness (OR = 1.313, 95%CI 1.240-1.390, P < 0.001) were observed in the cross-sectional analysis. In the longitudinal study, a 1-SD increase in MAMC was associated with a 13.6% increased risk of CMD incidence (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.136, 95%CI 1.073-1.204, P < 0.001), and a 1-SD increase in TSF thickness had a 17.6% increased risk of CMD incidence (HR = 1.176, 95%CI 1.084-1.276, P < 0.001). For the CMD components, both MAMC and TSF thickness contributed to increased incidences of hypertension (HR = 1.163, 95%CI 1.097-1.233, P < 0.001 in MAMC; HR = 1.218, 95%CI 1.110-1.336, P < 0.001 in TSF thickness) and diabetes mellitus (HR = 1.166, 95%CI 1.028-1.323, P = 0.017 in MAMC; HR = 1.352, 95%CI 1.098-1.664, P = 0.004 in TSF thickness). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with higher MAMC and TSF thickness had an increased incidence of CMD, mainly hypertension and diabetes mellitus. This study revealed a seemingly counterintuitive association between body muscle mass and metabolic homeostasis. Although the potential mechanisms require further exploration, the impact of body muscle mass on metabolic health cannot be ignored.

Association of frailty index with congestive heart failure, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 1999-2018.

BACKGROUND: Both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and frailty are strongly associated with congestive heart failure (CHF). Individuals with T2DM and CHF have a high frailty burden. The association of frailty with HF, all-cause, and cardiovascular mortality in patients with T2DM has not been thoroughly explored. METHODS: This study included 2894 adults with T2DM from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database over ten cycles (1999-2018) and followed up for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality through 31 December 2019. The frailty index (FI) was calculated using a 46-item deficit model to assess frailty status. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was performed to explore the relationship between frailty and CHF in patients with T2DM. Weighted restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the non-linear relationship between FI and outcome. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality association with FI was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier curve and COX proportional hazards regression accounting for sampling weights. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the results. RESULTS: After the adjustment of essential confounders, a higher frailty index in T2DM was associated with increased odds of CHF (odds ratio [OR] for per 1-SD increase, 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.67-2.45; P < 0.0001). The presence of frailty T2DM (OR, 3.60; 95% CI 2.34-5.54; P < 0.0001) was associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of CHF compared to non-frailty T2DM in a fully adjusted model. During the median follow-up of 6.75 years, per 1-SD increase in FI was associated with a 41% higher risk of all-cause mortality and a 30% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality after being adjusted for all confounders. Similar results were observed when sensitivity analyses were performed. There was also a non-linear relationship between FI and all-cause mortality. In a weighted multivariate COX proportional model adjusted for full confounders, frailty T2DM increased all-cause (HR, 1.86; 95% CI 1.55-2.24; P < 0.0001) and cardiovascular (HR 1.66; 95% CI 1.18-2.33; P = 0.003) mortality and compared to non-frailty T2DM. The positive association of frailty index and all-cause mortality was only in participants without CHF. The positive association of frailty index and cardiovascular mortality was only in non-anti-diabetic drug users. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty index in T2DM was positively associated with CHF in linear fashions. The Frailty index was positively correlated with all-cause and cardiovascular death in patients with T2DM. Frailty T2DM was positively associated with CHF, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality compared to non-frailty T2DM. Promoting frailty measurement and management in T2DM may be beneficial to reduce the burden of CHF and mortality.

Fibrosis-4 index is closely associated with clinical outcomes in acute cardioembolic stroke patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

Liver cirrhosis is a confirmed risk factor for poor prognosis of stroke; however, the contribution of clinically inapparent liver fibrosis to cardioembolic stroke (CES) and its outcomes are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the associations between liver fibrosis-measured by the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score-and stroke severity and short-term clinical outcomes of patients with acute CES due to nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). A total of 522 patients were followed for a median of 90 days. We calculated the FIB-4 score and defined liver fibrosis as follows: likely advanced fibrosis (FIB-4 > 3.25), indeterminate advanced fibrosis (FIB-4, 1.45-3.25), and unlikely advanced fibrosis (FIB-4 < 1.45). Logistic regression analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to investigate the relations between the FIB-4 score and stroke severity, major disability at discharge, and all-cause mortality. Among these 522 acute CES patients with NVAF, the mean FIB-4 score (2.28) on admission reflected intermediate fibrosis, whereas liver enzymes were largely normal. In multivariate regression analysis, patients with advanced liver fibrosis were more likely to have a higher risk of severe stroke (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.04-3.54), major disability at discharge (OR = 4.59, 95% CI 1.88-11.18), and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.10-1.56) than their counterparts. Regarding sex, these associations were stronger in males but not significant in females. In patients with acute CES due to NVAF, advanced liver fibrosis is associated with severe stroke, major disability, and all-cause death. Our findings indicate that early screening and management of liver fibrosis may decrease stroke severity and risk of death in patients with NVAF, especially for male patients. Consequently, FIB-4 > 3.25 of male patients should receive ultrasound elastography to further determine the degree of liver fibrosis.

221S-1a inhibits endothelial proliferation in pathological angiogenesis through ERK/c-Myc signaling.

Pathological angiogenesis plays a major role in many disease processes, including cancer and diabetic retinopathy. Antiangiogenic therapy is a potential management for pathologic angiogenesis. The novel synthetic compound 221S-1a, derived from captopril, tanshinol and borneol, may have antiangiogenic properties. On the basis of MS, NMR and HPLC analysis, the structure of 221S-1a was identified. The cellular uptake and metabolism of this compound was also observed. Next, the antiangiogenic properties of 221S-1a were evaluated in tumor-xenograft and OIR models in vivo. The inhibitory properties of 221S-1a on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation and sprouting were detected in vitro. Furthermore, 221S-1a induced G1/S phase arrest was detected by PI staining flow cytometry analysis and Cyclin D, Cyclin E expression. 221S-1a inhibited ERK1/2 activation and nuclear translocation, in addition to downregulation of c-Myc, a transcription factor that regulates cell cycle progression. Molecular docking indicated the interaction of 221S-1a with the ATP-binding site of ERK2, leading to the inhibition of ERK2 phosphorylation and a concomitant inhibition of ERK1 phosphorylation. In conclusion, 221S-1a inhibited the G1/S phase transition by blocking the ERK1/2/c-Myc pathway to reduce tumor and OIR retinal angiogenesis. These novel findings suggest that 221S-1a is a potential pharmacologic candidate for treating pathological angiogenesis.

Guanxining injection alleviates fibrosis in heart failure mice and regulates SLC7A11/GPX4 axis.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Lamiaceae, Danshen in Chinese) and Chuanxiong Rhizoma (rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., Apiaceae, Chuanxiong in Chinese) both are important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for activating blood and eliminating stasis. Danshen-chuanxiong herb pair has been used for more than 600 years in China. Guanxinning injection (GXN) is a Chinese clinical prescription refined from aqueous extract of Danshen and Chuanxiong at the ratio of 1:1 (w/w). GXN has been mainly used in the clinical therapy of angina, heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease in China for almost twenty years. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to explore the role of GXN on renal fibrosis in heart failure mice and the regulation of GXN on SLC7A11/GPX4 axis. MATARIALS AND METHODS: The transverse aortic constriction model was used to mimic HF accompanied by kidney fibrosis model. GXN was administrated by tail vein injection in dose of 12.0, 6.0, 3.0 mL/kg, respectively. Telmisartan (6.1 mg/kg, gavage) was used as a positive control drug. Cardiac ultrasound indexes of ejection fraction (EF), cardiac output (CO), left ventricle volume (LV Vol), HF biomarker of pro-B type natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP), kidney function index of serum creatinine (Scr), kidney fibrosis index of collagen volume fraction (CVF) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were evaluated and contrasted. Metabolomic method was employed to analyze the endogenous metabolites changes in kidneys. Besides, contents of catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XOD), nitricoxidesynthase (NOS), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), the x(c)(-) cysteine/glutamate antiporter (SLC7A11) and ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) in kidney were quantitatively analyzed. In addition, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the chemical composition of GXN and network pharmacology was used to predict possible mechanisms and the active ingredients of GXN. RESULTS: The cardiac function indexes of EF, CO and LV Vol, kidney functional indicators of Scr, the degree of kidney fibrosis indicators CVF and CTGF were all relieved to different extent for the model mice treated with GXN. 21 differential metabolites involved in redox regulation, energy metabolism, organic acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, etc were identified. Aspartic acid, homocysteine, glycine, and serine, methionine, purine, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism were found to be the core redox metabolic pathways regulated by GXN. Furthermore, GXN were found to increase CAT content, upregulate GPX4, SLC7A11 and FTH1 expression in kidney significantly. Not only that, GXN also showed good effect in down-regulating XOD and NOS contents in kidney. Besides, 35 chemical constituents were initially identified in GXN. Active ingredients of GXN-targets-related enzymes/transporters-metabolites network was established to find out that GPX4 was a core protein for GXN and the top 10 active ingredients with the most relevant to renal protective effects of GXN were rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide E, protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, danshensu, L-Ile, vanillic acid, salvianolic acid A. CONCLUSION: GXN could significantly maintain cardiac function and alleviate the progression of fibrosis in the kidney for HF mice, and the mechanisms of action were related to regulating redox metabolism of aspartate, glycine, serine, and cystine metabolism and SLC7A11/GPX4 axis in kidney. The cardio-renal protective effect of GXN may be attributed to multi-components like rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide E, protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, danshensu, L-Ile, vanillic acid, salvianolic acid A et al.

Association between Phenotypic Age and Mortality in Patients with Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronological age (CA) is not a perfect proxy for the true biological aging status of the body. A new biological aging measure, phenotypic age (PhenoAge), has been shown to capture morbidity and mortality risk in the general US population and diverse subpopulations. This study was aimed at evaluating the association between PhenoAge and long-term outcome of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: A total of 609 multivessel CAD patients who received PCI attempt and with follow-up were enrolled. The clinical outcome was all-cause mortality on follow-up. PhenoAge was calculated using an equation constructed from CA and 9 clinical biomarkers. Cox proportional hazards regression models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to evaluate the association between PhenoAge and mortality. RESULTS: Overall, patients with more diseases had older PhenoAge and phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel). After a median follow-up of 33.5 months, those with positive PhenoAgeAccel had a significantly higher incidence of all-cause mortality (P = 0.001). After adjusting for CA, Cox proportional hazards models showed that both PhenoAge and PhenoAgeAccel were significantly associated with all-cause mortality. Even after further adjusting for confounding factors, each 10-year increase in PhenoAge was also associated with a 51% increased mortality risk. ROC curves revealed that PhenoAge, with an area under the curve of 0.705, significantly outperformed CA, the individual clinical chemistry measure, and other risk factors. When reexamining the ROC curves using various combinations of variables, we found that PhenoAge provides additional predictive power to all models. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, PhenoAge was strongly associated with all-cause mortality even after adjusting for CA. Our findings suggest that PhenoAge measure may be complementary in predicting mortality risk for patients with multivessel CAD.

Association Between the Concentration and Rangeability of Cystatin C and Mortality of COVID-19 Patients With or Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Analysis.

Background: We investigated if the concentration and "rangeability" of cystatin C (CysC) influenced the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients suffering from, or not suffering from, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 675 T2DM patients and 572 non-T2DM patients were divided into "low" and "high" CysC groups and low and high CysC-rangeability groups according to serum CysC level and range of change of CysC level, respectively. Demographic characteristics, clinical data, and laboratory results of the four groups were analyzed. Results: COVID-19 patients with a high level and rangeability of CysC had more organ damage and a higher risk of death compared with those with a low level or low rangeability of CysC. Patients with a higher level and rangeability of CysC had more blood lymphocytes and higher levels of C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. After adjustment for possible confounders, multivariate analysis revealed that CysC >0.93 mg/dL was significantly associated with the risk of heart failure (OR = 2.231, 95% CI: 1.125-5.312) and all-cause death (2.694, 1.161-6.252). CysC rangeability >0 was significantly associated with all-cause death (OR = 4.217, 95% CI: 1.953-9.106). These associations were stronger in patients suffering from T2DM than in those not suffering from T2DM. Conclusions: The level and rangeability of CysC may influence the prognosis of COVID-19. Special care and appropriate intervention should be undertaken in COVID-19 patients with an increased CysC level during hospitalization and follow-up, especially for those with T2DM.

Cardiometabolic diseases, frailty, and healthcare utilization and expenditure in community-dwelling Chinese older adults.

This study investigated associations between cardiometabolic diseases, frailty, and healthcare utilization and expenditure among Chinese older adults. The participants were 5204 community-dwelling adults aged at least 60 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Five cardiometabolic diseases were assessed including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, cardiac diseases and stroke. Frailty status was based on five criteria: slowness, weakness, exhaustion, inactivity, and shrinking. Participants were deemed frailty if they met at least three criteria. As the number of cardiometabolic diseases increased, so did the prevalence of frailty, and the proportion of healthcare utilization, including outpatient visit and inpatient visit. Moreover, the total healthcare expenditure and the odds of catastrophic health expenditure were increased with the number of cardiometabolic disorders. After adjusting for covariates, cardiometabolic diseases were positively associated with higher odds of frailty, incurring outpatient and inpatient visit. And individuals with 2 or more cardiometabolic diseases had a higher odds of catastrophic health expenditure than persons with non-cardiometabolic disease. Participants who were frailty were more likely to report higher odds of healthcare utilization. These findings suggest that both cardiometabolic diseases and frailty assessment may improve identification of older adults likely to require costly, extensive healthcare.

Long-Term Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With In-Stent Chronic Total Occlusion Versus De Novo Chronic Total Occlusion.

Limited data are available on long-term outcomes and health status in the treatment of in-stent coronary chronic total occlusion (IS-CTO) and de novo coronary chronic total occlusion (de novo CTO). This study compared the long-term clinical outcomes and health status of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients with IS-CTO versus patients with de novo CTO in the drug-eluting stent era. We screened 483 consecutive patients with 1 CTO lesion, including 81 patients with IS-CTO and 402 patients with de novo CTO. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. The clinical end point was major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The success rates of CTO lesion revascularization were similar in both groups. In the propensity score-matched patients, after a median follow-up of 36 months, MACE was observed in 32.8% of patients with IS-CTO versus 13.5% of the patients with de novo CTO (P < .001), mainly driven by target-vessel revascularization (21.9% vs 6.7%; P < .01). Moreover, patients with IS-CTO had significantly worse Seattle Angina Questionnaire anginal stability scores than the patients with de novo CTO. In conclusion, patients with IS-CTO after PCI had a worse clinical outcome, mainly MACE, and a poorer anginal stability in the long term than patients with de novo CTO.

Massive pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade revealed undiagnosed Turner syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Turner syndrome (TS) are prone to autoimmune disorders. Although most patients with TS are diagnosed at younger ages, delayed diagnosis is not rare. CASE PRESENTATION: A 31-year-old woman was presented with facial edema, chest tightness and dyspnea. She had primary amenorrhea. Physical examination revealed short stature, dry skin and coarse hair. Periorbital edema with puffy eyelids were also noticed with mild goiter. Bilateral cardiac enlargement, distant heart sounds and pulsus paradoxus, in combination with hepatomegaly and jugular venous distention were observed. Her hircus and pubic hair was absent. The development of her breast was at 1st tanner period and gynecological examination revealed infantile vulva. Echocardiography suggested massive pericardial effusion. She was diagnosed with cardiac tamponade based on low systolic pressure, decreased pulse pressure and pulsus paradoxus. Pericardiocentesis was performed. Thyroid function test and thyroid ultrasound indicated Hashimoto's thyroiditis and severe hypothyroidism. Sex hormone test revealed hypergonadotropin hypogonadism. Further karyotyping revealed a karyotype of 45, X [21]/46, X, i(X) (q10) [29] and she was diagnosed with mosaic + variant type of TS. L-T4 supplement, estrogen therapy, and antiosteoporosis treatment was initiated. Euthyroidism and complete resolution of the pericardial effusion was obtained within 2 months. CONCLUSION: Hypothyroidism should be considered in the patients with pericardial effusion. The association between autoimmune thyroid diseases and TS should be kept in mind. Both congenital and acquired cardiovascular diseases should be screened in patients with TS.

A novel compound DBZ ameliorates neuroinflammation in LPS-stimulated microglia and ischemic stroke rats: Role of Akt(Ser473)/GSK3ß(Ser9)-mediated Nrf2 activation.

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of multiple neurological disorders such as ischemic stroke, yet lacks effective therapeutic agents. Previously, we discovered one novel synthetic compound, tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ), possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activities, whereas little is known about its effects in CNS. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the effects and potential mechanism of DBZ on neuroinflammation and microglial function. Our studies revealed that DBZ significantly inhibited NF-κB activity, suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory mediators meanwhile promoted M2 mediators expression in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells and mouse primary microglia cells. DBZ also exhibited antioxidant activity by enhancing Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity, increasing HO-1 and NQO1 expression, and inhibiting LPS-induced ROS generation in BV2 cells. Importantly, the anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant effects of DBZ above were reversed by Nrf2 knockdown. Additionally, DBZ ameliorated sickness behaviors of neuroinflammatory mice induced by systemic LPS administration, and significantly reduced infract volume, improved sensorimotor and cognitive function in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO); besides, DBZ restored microglia morphological alterations and shifted the M1/M2 polarization in both murine models. Mechanistically, DBZ-induced Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and antioxidant enzymes expression were accompanied by increased level of p-Akt(Ser473) (activation) and p-GSK3ß(Ser9) (inactivation), and decreased nuclear level of Fyn both in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacologically inhibiting PI3K or activating GSK3ß markedly increased nuclear density of Fyn in microglia cells, which blocked the promoting effect of DBZ on Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and its antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activities. Collectively, these results indicated the effects of DBZ on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation were strongly associated with the nuclear accumulation and stabilization of Nrf2 via the Akt(Ser473)/GSK3ß(Ser9)/Fyn pathway. With anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant properties, DBZ could be a promising new drug candidate for prevention and/or treatment of cerebral ischemia and other neuroinflammatory disorders.

Tanshinol borneol ester, a novel synthetic small molecule angiogenesis stimulator inspired by botanical formulations for angina pectoris.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ) is a novel synthetic compound derived from Dantonic® , a botanical drug approved in 26 countries outside the United States for angina pectoris and currently undergoing FDA Phase III clinical trial. Here, we investigated the angiogenic effects of (S)-DBZ and (R)-DBZ isomers in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: A network pharmacology approach was used to predict molecular targets of DBZ. The effects of DBZ isomers on proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human endothelial cells were assessed. For in vivo approaches, the transgenic Tg (vegfr2:GFP) zebrafish and C57BL/6 mouse Matrigel plug models were used. ELISA and western blots were used to quantitate the release and expression of relevant target molecules and signalling pathways. KEY RESULTS: DBZ produced a biphasic modulation on proliferation and migration of three types of human endothelial cells. Both DBZ isomers induced tube formation in Matrigel assay and a 12-day co-culture model in vitro. Moreover, DBZ promoted Matrigel neovascularization in mice and partially reversed the vascular disruption in zebrafish induced by PTK787. Mechanistically, DBZ enhanced the cellular levels of VEGF, VEGFR2, and MMP-9, as well as activating Akt and MAPK signalling in endothelial cells. Selective inhibition of PI3K and MEK significantly attenuated its angiogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These data reveal, for the first time, that DBZ promotes multiple key steps of angiogenesis, at least in part through Akt and MAPK signalling pathways, and suggest it may be potentially developed further for treating myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases.

Expression of programmed cell death-1 and its ligand B7 homolog 1 in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Immune response has been postulated to play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). Given the importance of programmed death (PD)-1 and its ligand B7 homologue 1 (B7-H1) costimulatory molecules as an immune regulatory pathway, this study aimed to investigate the effect of PD-1 and B7-H1 expression on immune response in peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patients with PPCM. HYPOTHESIS: PD-1 and B7-H1 may be involved in modulating immune response in PPCM. METHODS: Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from PPCM and pregnancy-matched healthy women. PD-1 and B7-H1 expression were determined using fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) and Western blot. The presence of serum interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The levels of pro-brain natriuretic peptide and IFN-γ were markedly elevated, whereas the levels of left ventricular ejection fraction and IL-4 were significantly reduced in PPCM patients compared to controls. Additionally, both RT-PCR and Western blot revealed that the levels of PD-1 and B7-H1 expression were decreased significantly in PPCM patients compared with controls. A significant positive correlation was observed between PD-1 and B7-H1 expression. Furthermore, PD-1 and B7-H1 expression showed significant negative correlation with IFN-γ, as well as positive correlation with IL-4. Therefore, decreased expression of PD-1 and B7-H1 led to a dysregulating immune response such that cellular immunity linked to T helper (Th)1 cells was predominant over humoral immunity linked to Th2 cells in PPCM. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided the first findings that PD-1 and B7-H1 expression were decreased, which might impair functional regulation of negative costimulation on immune response that may work in the etiopathogenesis of PPCM.

Decreased expression of programmed death 1 on peripheral blood lymphocytes disrupts immune homeostasis in peripartum cardiomyopathy.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a disease of unknown pathogenesis. Programmed death 1 (PD1) has been postulated to modulate immune response through potential mechanisms that remain elusive. This study aimed to elaborate the expression and function of PD1 on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in the development of PPCM. Specimens of PBLs were performed to determine the expression of PD1 mRNA using fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR, and Th cytokines by ELISA. Immune homeostasis was evaluated with T lymphocyte phenotypes and immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes as well as complement factors (C). Morphology of lymphocytes was observed using transmission electronic microscope. Significantly elevated levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and pro-brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), but reduced levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C4, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were detected, which were associated with significantly lower of PD1 mRNA expression in PPCM relative to control. Furthermore, PD1 mRNA expression showed significant negative correlation with IFN-γ and CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and proBNP as well as positive correlation with IL-4, IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C4, and LVEF. The morphologic features of cells indicated that the PBLs in PPCM were in the state of activation. Therefore, decreased expression of PD1 mRNA led to LV dysfunction and functional dysregulation of negative costimulation on cellular immunity. This study provided the first findings that PD1 expression was decreased, which might disrupt immune homeostasis that enhanced cellular immunity was predominant over attenuated humoral immunity that may work in the etiopathogenesis of PPCM.

Downregulation of ß-Adrenoceptors in Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Remodeling through HuR.

ß-adrenergic receptors (ß-ARs) play an important role in cardiac remodeling, which is the key pathological process in various heart diseases and leads to heart failure. However, the regulation of ß-AR expression in remodeling hearts is still unclear. This study aims to clarify the possible mechanisms underlying the regulation of ß1- and ß2-AR expression in cardiac remodeling. The rat model of cardiac remodeling was established by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol(ISO) at the dose of 0.25 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1) for 7 days. We found that the expression of ß1- and ß2-ARs decreased in the remodeling heart. The mechanisms may include the inhibition of DNA transcription and the increase of mRNA degradation. cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB) is a well-known transcription factor of ß-AR. However, the expression and activation of CREB was not changed in the remodeling heart. Further, human Antigen-R (HuR), a RNA binding protein, which binds to the 3'-untranslated region of the ß-AR mRNA and promotes RNA degradation, was increased in the remodeling model. And in vitro, HuR deficiency reversed the reduction of ß-AR mRNA induced by ISO. Therefore, the present findings indicate that HuR, but not CREB, is responsible for the reduction of ß-AR expression in ISO induced cardiac remodeling.

The anti-atherosclerotic effect of tanshinol borneol ester using fecal metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ) is a novel experimental compound that consists of two chemical structural units from danshensu and borneol. It exhibits efficacious anti-ischemic and anti-atherosclerosis activities in rats. A fecal metabolomics based on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry combined with clinical histopathology and blood lipid estimation was employed to assess the efficacy and the metabolic changes caused by administration of DBZ in atherosclerotic rats. There were the typical pathological features of atherosclerosis and significantly increased levels of TC, TG and LDL-C in the atherosclerotic rat group. Nevertheless, atherosclerotic rats administered both DBZ (at a dose of 40 mg kg(-1)) and simvastatin (at a dose of 20 mg kg(-1)) showed good therapeutic effects. The results of the metabolomics studies showed that 55 differential metabolites such as sebacic acid, enterodiol, nonanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, cholic acid, 13(S)-HPODE, deoxycholic acid, some phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acids were found, indicating that abnormal metabolism occurred in the pathways of fatty acid oxidation, linoleic acid metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism in atherosclerotic rats. Compared to those in the model group, the contents of 41 differential metabolites showed a tendency to recover to a healthy level after DBZ administration. Metabolomics studies suggested that DBZ exhibited good treatment efficacy against atherosclerosis by adjusting disturbed metabolic pathways related to atherosclerosis. This study could provide an experimental basis for DBZ's application to act as a candidate drug with anti-atherosclerosis activity.

A metabolite of Danshen formulae attenuates cardiac fibrosis induced by isoprenaline, via a NOX2/ROS/p38 pathway.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cardiac fibrosis is a common feature of advanced coronary heart disease and is characteristic of heart disease. However, currently available drugs against cardiac fibrosis are still very limited. Here, we have assessed the role of isopropyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxylpropanoate (IDHP), a new metabolite of Danshen Dripping Pills, in cardiac fibrosis mediated by the ß-adrenoceptor agonist, isoprenaline, and its underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Identification of IDHP was identified by mass spectrometry, and proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Myocardial collagen was quantitatively assessed with Picrosirius Red staining. Expression of mRNA for collagen was evaluated with real-time PCR. Phosphorylated and total p38 MAPK, NADPH oxidase (NOX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analysed by Western blot. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was evaluated by dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescent staining. NOX2 was knocked down using specific siRNA. KEY RESULTS: IDHP attenuated ß-adrenoceptor mediated cardiac fibrosis in vivo and inhibited isoprenaline-induced proliferation of neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs) and collagen I synthesis in vitro. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, which is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of isoprenaline-induced cardiac fibrosis, was inhibited by IDHP. This inhibition of phospho-p38 by IDHP was dependent on decreased generation of ROS. These effects of IDHP were abolished in NRCFs treated with siRNA for NOX2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: IDHP attenuated the cardiac fibrosis induced by isoprenaline through a NOX2/ROS/p38 pathway. These novel findings suggest that IDHP is a potential pharmacological candidate for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis, induced by ß-adrenoceptor agonists.

Reversing P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro by α-asarone and ß-asarone, bioactive cis-trans isomers from Acorus tatarinowii.

P-Glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette transporter, plays an important role in multidrug resistance (MDR). α-Asarone and ß-asarone, bioactive cis-trans isomers found in Acorus tatarinowii Schott, were tested for their potential ability to modulate the expression and function of P-gp in Caco-2 cells. MTT assays revealed that both α-asarone and ß-asarone significantly enhanced the vincristine-induced cytotoxicity to cells. ß-Asarone was the most potent. Flow cytometry showed that α- and ß-asarone increased Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) uptake and inhibited Rh123 efflux in Caco-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, P-gp expression and P-gp mRNA in cells were decreased by exposure to α- and ß-asarone. In addition, ß-asarone increased the inhibition of P-gp activity in cells more than α-asarone. Thus, α- and ß-asarone effectively reversed MDR by inhibiting P-gp function and expression.

Icariin attenuates the enhanced prothrombotic state in atherosclerotic rabbits independently of its lipid-lowering effects.

Icariin is a major active component isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Epimedium brevicornum, with a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. In this paper, we investigated the effects of icariin on hyperlipidemia, and further evaluated whether icariin could improve unfavorable hemorheological parameters, attenuate platelet activation and facilitate the balance between plasmic plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue-type plasminogen activator activities in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. Icariin reduced the levels of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as the atherosclerotic burden. In addition, this compound has been found to improve the imbalance between plasmic plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue-type plasminogen activator activities, reduce platelet adhesiveness and aggregation and modulate unfavorable hemorheological variables in hypercholesterolemia. In conclusion, icariin has lipid-lowering effects and may be used in the treatment and prevention of thrombosis in the atherosclerotic process.

Effects of ionic liquid and nanogold particles on high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection and their application in highly efficient separation and sensitive analysis of five phenolic acids in Xuebijing injection.

A novel high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD) analytical system was developed in this study by integratedly utilizing ionic liquid (IL) of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and an additive of gold nanoparticles. The resulted pilot study was first performed to assess the effects of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and gold nanoparticles on the chromatographic characteristics of five phenolic acids in Xuebijing injection, including danshensu (DSS), protocatechuic acid (PA), protocatechuic aldehyde (PAH), hydroxy safflower yellow A (HSYA) and ferulic acid (FA). It was notable to observe that retainability of the phenolic acids were markly lowered by IL addition. Compared with the cases without IL addition, the retention times of DSS, PA, PAH, HSYA and FA have decreased 2.851, 1.532, 1.53, 0.818 and 0.552 min, respectively when 0.6% IL in the mobile phase. In addition, the corresponding theoretical plate numbers and peak areas for these compounds were significantly increased. Area response for DSS, PA, PAH, HSYA and FA were enhanced by 772%, 628%, 584%, 703% and 600%, respectively. It was observed that nano-gold catalysis power enabled peak areas of DSS, PAH, FA and PA to enhance 5.7, 6.2, 8.5 and 66.5 times relative to the case with addition of IL. Altogether, the optimized HPLC-ECD system was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics study of Xuebijing injection with underlying applicability to in vivo and in vitro analysis of a variety of natural product from Chinese medicine plants, TCM formulae and associated patent TCM preparation.