Genomic evolution and insights into agronomic trait innovations of Sesamum species.

Sesame is an ancient oilseed crop with high oil content and quality. However, the evolutionary history and genetic mechanisms of its valuable agronomic traits remain unclear. Here, we report chromosome-scale genomes of cultivated sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and six wild Sesamum species, representing all three karyotypes within this genus. Karyotyping and genome-based phylogenic analysis revealed the evolutionary route of Sesamum species from n = 13 to n = 16 and revealed that allotetraploidization occurred in the wild species Sesamum radiatum. Early divergence of the Sesamum genus (48.5-19.7 million years ago) during the Tertiary period and its ancient phylogenic position within eudicots were observed. Pan-genome analysis revealed 9164 core gene families in the 7 Sesamum species. These families are significantly enriched in various metabolic pathways, including fatty acid (FA) metabolism and FA biosynthesis. Structural variations in SiPT1 and SiDT1 within the phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding protein gene family lead to the genomic evolution of plant-architecture and inflorescence-development phenotypes in Sesamum. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of an interspecific population and genome comparisons revealed a long terminal repeat insertion and a sequence deletion in DIR genes of wild Sesamum angustifolium and cultivated sesame, respectively; both variations independently cause high susceptibility to Fusarium wilt disease. A GWAS of 560 sesame accessions combined with an overexpression study confirmed that the NAC1 and PPO genes play an important role in upregulating oil content of sesame. Our study provides high-quality genomic resources for cultivated and wild Sesamum species and insights that can improve molecular breeding strategies for sesame and other oilseed crops.

QTL analysis of traits related to seed size and shape in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).

Seed size and shape are important traits that determine seed yield in sesame. Understanding the genetic basis of seed size and shape is essential for improving the yield of sesame. In this study, F2 and BC1 populations were developed by crossing the Yuzhi 4 and Bengal small-seed (BS) lines for detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of traits related to seed size and shape. A total of 52 QTLs, including 13 in F2 and 39 in BC1 populations, for seed length (SL), seed width (SW), and length to width ratio (L/W) were identified, explaining phenotypic variations from 3.68 to 21.64%. Of these QTLs, nine stable major QTLs were identified in the two populations. Notably, three major QTLs qSL-LG3-2, qSW-LG3-2, and qSW-LG3-F2 that accounted for 4.94-16.34% of the phenotypic variations were co-localized in a 2.08 Mb interval on chromosome 1 (chr1) with 279 candidate genes. Three stable major QTLs qSL-LG6-2, qLW-LG6, and qLW-LG6-F2 that explained 8.14-33.74% of the phenotypic variations were co-localized in a 3.27 Mb region on chr9 with 398 candidate genes. In addition, the stable major QTL qSL-LG5 was co-localized with minor QTLs qLW-LG5-3 and qSW-LG5 to a 1.82 Mb region on chr3 with 195 candidate genes. Gene annotation, orthologous gene analysis, and sequence analysis indicated that three genes are likely involved in sesame seed development. These results obtained herein provide valuable in-formation for functional gene cloning and improving the seed yield of sesame.

Genetic mapping of QTLs controlling brown seed coat traits by genome resequencing in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).

Introduction: Sesame seeds have become an irreplaceable source of edible oils and food products with rich nutrients and a unique flavor, and their metabolite contents and physiological functions vary widely across different seed coat colors. Although the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for genetic variation in seed coat color have been extensively investigated, the identification of unique genetic loci for intermediate colors such as brown has not been reported due to their complexity. Methods: Here, we crossed the white sesame 'Yuzhi No. 8' (YZ8) and the brown sesame 'Yanzhou Erhongpi' (YZEHP) to construct a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population with consecutive self-fertilization for ten generations. Results: The selfed F1 seeds were brown which was controlled by a dominant gene. Based on the genotyping by whole-genome resequencing of the RILs, a major-effect QTL for brown coat color was identified through both bulk segregant analysis (BSA) and genetic linkage mapping in sesame, which was located within a 1.19 Mb interval on chromosome 6 (qBSCchr6). Moreover, we found that the YZEHP seed coat initially became pigmented at 20 days post-anthesis (DPA) and was substantially colored at 30 DPA. We screened 13 possible candidate genes based on the effects of genetic variants on protein coding and predicted gene functions. Furthermore, qRT‒PCR was used to verify the expression patterns of these genes in different post-anthesis developmental periods. We noted that in comparison to YZ8 seeds, YZEHP seeds had expression of SIN_1023239 that was significantly up-regulated 2.5-, 9.41-, 6.0-, and 5.9-fold at 15, 20, 25, and 30 DPA, respectively, which was consistent with the pattern of brown seed coat pigment accumulation. Discussion: This study identified the first major-effect QTL for the control of the brown seed coat trait in sesame. This finding lays the foundation for further fine mapping and cloning as well as investigating the regulatory mechanism of seed coat color in sesame.

Effects of Deodorization on the Formation of Processing Contaminants and Chemical Quality of Sunflower Oil.

Tocopherols and phytosterols are generally considered to be nutritionally beneficial, and 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD esters), glycidyl esters (GEs) and trans fatty acids (TFAs) are generally considered to be harmful. The high temperature deodorization step is when these harmful 3-MCPD esters, GEs and TFAs are generated. Knowing how deodorization conditions affect levels of these substances is essential for designing refining processes that will produce nutritious, high quality edible oils. This study analyzed the changes of these components of sunflower oil at different temperatures (210, 230, 250 and 270°C) and times (60, 80, 100 and 120 min) during deodorization. Our research found that during the whole deodorization process (including undeodorized sunflower oil), the contents of 3-MCPD esters, GEs and TFAs all progressively increased, from 0.47 to 11.18 mg/kg, 0.24 to 18.42 mg/kg and 0.062% to 0.698%, respectively. However, the deodorization process significantly decreased the levels of tocopherols (from 535.94 to 240.26 mg/kg) and phytosterols (from 2803.58 to 1864.34 mg/kg). Meanwhile, the retention ratios of total tocopherols and total phytosterols also decreased from 96.29% to 44.83% and 92.29% to 66.50%, respectively.

Genome-wide association study of seed coat color in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important and ancient oilseed crop. Sesame seed coat color is related to biochemical functions involved in protein and oil metabolism, and antioxidant content. Because of its complication, the genetic basis of sesame seed coat color remains poorly understood. To elucidate the factors affecting the genetic architecture of seed coat color, 366 sesame germplasm lines were evaluated for seed coat color in 12 environments. The genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for three seed coat color space values, best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values from a multi-environment trial analysis and principal component scores (PCs) of three seed coat color space values were conducted. GWAS for three seed coat color space values identified a total of 224 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, P < 2.34×10-7), with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 1.01% to 22.10%, and 35 significant SNPs were detected in more than 6 environments. Based on BLUP values, 119 significant SNPs were identified, with PVE ranging from 8.83 to 31.98%. Comparing the results of the GWAS using phenotypic data from different environments and the BLUP values, all significant SNPs detected in more than 6 environments were also detected using the BLUP values. GWAS for PCs identified 197 significant SNPs, and 30 were detected in more than 6 environments. GWAS results for PCs were consistent with those for three color space values. Out of 224 significant SNPs, 22 were located in the confidence intervals of previous reported quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Finally, 92 candidate genes were identified in the vicinity of the 4 SNPs that were most significantly associated with sesame seed coat color. The results in this paper will provide new insights into the genetic basis of sesame seed coat color, and should be useful for molecular breeding in sesame.

QTL mapping of yield-related traits in sesame.

Improving yield is one of the most important targets of sesame breeding. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of yield-related traits is a prerequisite for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and QTL/gene cloning. In this study, a BC1 population was developed and genotyped with the specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing technology, and a high-density genetic map was constructed. The map consisted of 13 linkage groups, contained 3528 SLAF markers, and covered a total of 1312.52 cM genetic distance, with an average distance of 0.37 cM between adjacent markers. Based on the map, 46 significant QTLs were identified for seven yield-related traits across three environments. These QTLs distributed on 11 linkage groups, each explaining 2.34-71.41% of the phenotypic variation. Of the QTLs, 23 were stable QTLs that were detected in more than one environment, and 20 were major QTLs that explained more than 10% of the corresponding phenotypic variation in at least one environment. Favorable alleles of 38 QTLs originated from the locally adapted variety, Yuzhi 4; the exotic germplasm line, BS, contributed favorable alleles to only 8 QTLs. The results should provide useful information for future molecular breeding and functional gene cloning. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-021-01236-x.

Formation and Antioxidant Activity of Maillard Reaction Products Derived from Different Sugar-amino Acid Aqueous Model Systems of Sesame Roasting.

This investigation was carried out to offer insight into the formation and antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) derived from various sugar-amino acid model systems active in the roasting of sesame seeds. Reducing sugars (glucose, fructose, and xylose) and amino acids (serine, cystine, arginine, and lysine) present in sesame seeds were used to prepare the MRPs at various reaction times, and then the effect of reaction time on the MRPs derived from the various model systems was investigated. Within the first 15 min, the amounts of free amino groups decreased around 40% remaining amino groups of Lys-sugar model and around 75% remaining amino groups of Arg-sugar model. Results indicated that reducing sugar and free amino groups decreased obviously in Lys- and Arg-model systems. Based on correlation coefficient of antioxidant activities assessment and MRP formation in the Lys- and Arg-model systems above 0.978 and an extremely significant correlation in Pearson test exists, a conclusion could be made that these model systems are critical contributing factors in MRP formation during the roasting of sesame seeds. These findings offer insight into the formation and antioxidation of MRPs during the sesame seeds roasting.

Effect of roasting and in vitro digestion on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of water-soluble extracts from sesame.

The effects of roasting and in vitro digestion on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), phenolic profiles, and antioxidant activity of water-soluble extracts from six varieties of sesame were investigated in this study. Our results showed that the major phenolic compounds in raw, roasted and digested sesame were gallic acid (GA), protocatechuic acid (PA), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4 HBA), ferulic acid (FA) and quercetin (Quer). Roasting significantly increased the TPC, pinoresinol diglucoside (PD), sesamol, as well as the content of phenolic compounds (especially GA, PA, 4 HBA and Quer) in sesame, but kept or reduced the TFC, sesamin and sesamolin. After roasting, the antioxidant potency composite index (ACI) of six varieties of sesame was significantly increased by 29.8%-216.6%. Additionally, the ACI of gastric digestion was significantly higher than that of oral and intestinal digestion during the in vitro digestion of the roasted-sesame, except for the varieties of Ganzhi 9 and Ganzhi 17. This study showed that five phenolic compounds (GA, PA, 4 HBA, p-coumaric acid, Quer) and sesamol of the water-soluble extracts contributed to the antioxidant activities of the digestive products of sesame.

Improvement of the oxidative stability of cold-pressed sesame oil using products from the Maillard reaction of sesame enzymatically hydrolyzed protein and reducing sugars.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, cold-pressed oils have become more and more popular with consumers. However, their oxidative stability is low. Improving the oxidative stability of cold-pressed oils will increase their shelf life. Maillard reaction products (MRPs) have been shown to promote the oxidative stability of lipids. In this study, products from the Maillard reaction of reducing sugars and sesame enzymatically hydrolyzed protein (SEHP) were added to cold-pressed sesame oils to improve their oxidative stability. RESULTS: Three types of MRPs from reducing sugars (xylose, fructose, and glucose) and SEHP were prepared. Xylose-SEHP MRPs prepared under optimum conditions had the highest antioxidant activities among the three. The optimum conditions for xylose-SEHP were as follows: reaction temperature, 130 °C; reaction time, 180 min; pH, 6.5; and sugar/protein ratio, 10:1. The addition of xylose-SEHP MRPs at a level of 20 g kg-1 could significantly improve the oxidative stability of cold-pressed sesame oil. Besides, the addition of MRPs reduced the loss of tocopherol. The interaction of MRPs with endogenous antioxidants in the sesame oil (sesamol and tocopherol) was proved by comparison with lard. There was a synergistic increase in antioxidant activity for the combination of MRPs and sesamol and the combination of MRPs and tocopherol. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence that adding certain MRPs can improve the oxidative stability of cold-pressed sesame oil. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Corrigendum: Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Linkage Disequilibrium of an Association-Mapping Panel Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Markers in Sesame.

[This corrects the article on p. 1189 in vol. 8, PMID: 28729877.].

Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Linkage Disequilibrium of an Association-Mapping Panel Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Markers in Sesame.

The characterization of genetic diversity and population structure can be used in tandem to detect reliable phenotype-genotype associations. In the present study, we genotyped a set of 366 sesame germplasm accessions by using 89,924 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The number of SNPs on each chromosome was consistent with the physical length of the respective chromosome, and the average marker density was approximately 2.67 kb/SNP. The genetic diversity analysis showed that the average nucleotide diversity of the panel was 1.1 × 10-3, with averages of 1.0 × 10-4, 2.7 × 10-4, and 3.6 × 10-4 obtained, respectively for three identified subgroups of the panel: Pop 1, Pop 2, and the Mixed. The genetic structure analysis revealed that these sesame germplasm accessions were structured primarily along the basis of their geographic collection, and that an extensive admixture occurred in the panel. The genome-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed that an average LD extended up to ∼99 kb. The genetic diversity and population structure revealed in this study should provide guidance to the future design of association studies and the systematic utilization of the genetic variation characterizing the sesame panel.

High-Density Genetic Map Construction and Gene Mapping of Basal Branching Habit and Flowers per Leaf Axil in Sesame.

A good genetic map can provide the framework for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, map-based gene cloning, and genome sequence assembling. The main objectives of this study were to develop a high-density genetic linkage map using specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) in sesame. In the result, a high-resolution genetic map with 9,378 SLAF markers and 13 linkage groups (LGs) was constructed. The map spanned a total genetic distance of 1,974.23 cM, and the mean LG length was 151.86 cM, with an average genetic distance of 0.22 cM between adjacent markers. Based on the newly constructed genetic map, genes for basal branching habit (SiBH) and flowers per leaf axil (SiFA) were mapped to LG5 and LG11, respectively.

[Comparison of morphology, physiology and mineral element contents among genotypes of sesame with different tolerance to waterlogging under anaerobic condition].

The morphological and physiological indexes and the mineral element contents in different organs of 4 genotypes of sesame were examined under controlled oxygen supply. The number of adventitious roots of flooding tolerant varieties, Wild No. 7 and Yuzhi No. 1, increased 4-5 fold, the activity of ADH enhanced about twice, but the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased slightly. There were significant increase in Ca and P and little decrease in K in roots, and decrease in other elements in roots and 8 elements in stems and leaves. As for less flooding-tolerant genotypes, Danbackaggce and Suiping Xiaozhihuang, however, the number of adventitious roots increased little, the activity of ADH enhanced 5-9 folds, and Pn decreased by 50-60%. An increase in Ca and P, and a significant reduction in K was found in roots. It was concluded that the waterlogging tolerance of sesame depended firstly on the structural adaptation, then on the anoxia metabolism, and that Ca and P may play an important role in the metabolic adaptation to the anaerobic environment for plant survival.