ABSTRACT
Prebiotic oligosaccharides have attracted immense interest in the infant formula (IF) industry due to their unique health benefits for infants. There is a need for the reasonable supplementation of prebiotics in premium IF products. Herein, we characterized the profile of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) in human milk (HM) and IF using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometry (UPLC-cIM-MS) technique. Additionally, we further performed a targeted quantitative analysis of five essential HM oligosaccharides (HMOs) in HM (n = 196), IF (n = 50), and raw milk of IF (n = 10) by the high-sensitivity UPLC-MS/MS method. HM exhibited a more abundant and variable HMO composition (1183.19 to 2892.91 mg/L) than IF (32.91 to 56.31 mg/L), whereas IF contained extra GOS species and non-negligible endogenous 3'-sialyllactose. This also facilitated the discovery of secretor features within the Chinese population. Our study illustrated the real disparity in the prebiotic glycome between HM and IF and provided crucial reference for formula improvement.
Subject(s)
Infant Formula , Milk, Human , Infant , Humans , Milk, Human/chemistry , Infant Formula/chemistry , Prebiotics/analysis , Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Chromatography, Liquid , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Oligosaccharides/chemistryABSTRACT
HPLC-ICP-MS method was established to separate AsB, As(Ⅲ), monmethyl arsenic ( MMA ) , dimethyl arsenic ( DMA ) and As(V) in rat viscera. Ultrasonic water bath extraction was used for sample pretreatment. Dionex IonPac AS19 anion-exchange column and 20 mmol/L (NH4)2CO3(pH=9. 7) were used to analyze arsenic species in rat liver and kidney after realgar infected. The results showed that the method was not interfered by 40 Ar35 Cl+ peak, the linear ranges for five arsenic species were all between 1 and 300 μg/L with linear coefficients more than 0. 9990, and the detection limits were between 0. 3 and 0. 5 μg/L. The relative standard deviations ( RSDs) for the determination of five species were less than 5% and the recoveries were between 83. 8% and 111. 7%. After speciation analysis, DMA, As(Ⅲ) and unknown compound 2 were found in liver;DMA, MMA, As(Ⅲ), unknown compound 1, unknown compound 2 and unknown compound 3 were found in the kidney. The results indicated that this method could be used for arsenic species analysis of realgar metabolism.
