ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The secreted aspartyl proteinases 2 (Sap2) of Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a potential marker of candididasis. It is a virulence factor associated with adherence and tissue invasion. AIM: In order to detect Sap2 in clinical sera, we developed an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polyclonal antibodies were produced for Sap2 by injecting Sap2 into a New Zealand White inbred rabbit. They could be used at a dilution exceeding 1:1200 in an indirect ELISA, and detected Sap2 concentration up to 1 ng/mL. RESULTS: Of the 286 cancer serum samples tested, 16.8% were found as candidiasis. The test was simple and economical to perform and had a level of sensitivity for detection of low-titer positive sera; thus, it may be proven to be of value in epidemiological studies on candidiasis.
Subject(s)
Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Candidiasis/diagnosis , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Fungal Proteins/blood , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Animals , Antibodies, Fungal , Costs and Cost Analysis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/complications , Rabbits , Sensitivity and Specificity , Serum/chemistryABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between surgical modality and clinicopathologic features for ureteral transitional cell carcinoma. METHODS: The correlation between surgical modality and clinicopathology characteristics of 146 patients with ureteral carcinoma having undergone surgery was evaluated using univariate analysis by a general linear model. RESULTS: 43.8%, 51.4% and 4.8% of patients experienced nephroureterectomy, renal conservation management and palliative operations, respectively, with a mean survival time of 97.3, 101.3 and 51.0 months (p=0.069) accordingly. Univariate analysis by general linear model indicated that the size of lesions, pathologic stage and tumour grade had a statistically significant impact on surgical modality (p=0.000, p=0.001 and p=0.017, respectively). CONCLUSION: Tumour stage and grade, as well as tumour size, correlate with surgical modality.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/surgery , Ureteral Neoplasms/surgery , Urologic Surgical Procedures/methods , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Linear Models , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Nephrectomy/methods , Palliative Care/methods , Regression Analysis , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between surgical modality and clinicopathologic features for ureteral transitional cell carcinoma. METHODS: The correlation between surgical modality and clinicopathology characteristics of 146 patients with ureteral carcinoma having undergone surgery was evaluated using univariate analysis by a general linear model. RESULTS: 43.8%, 51.4% and 4.8% of patients experienced nephroureterectomy, renal conservation management and palliative operations, respectively, with a mean survival time of 97.3, 101.3 and 51.0 months (p=0.069) accordingly. Univariate analysis by general linear model indicated that the size of lesions, pathologic stage and tumour grade had a statistically significant impact on surgical modality (p=0.000, p=0.001 and p=0.017, respectively). CONCLUSION: Tumour stage and grade, as well as tumour size, correlate with surgical modality (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/surgery , Ureteral Neoplasms/surgery , Urologic Surgical Procedures/instrumentation , Urologic Surgical Procedures/methods , Urologic Surgical Procedures , Follow-Up Studies , Linear Models , Neoplasm Staging , Nephrectomy/methods , Palliative Care/methods , Palliative Care , Regression Analysis , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
A simple discrete time two-phenotype matrix game model is investigated. In this model, according to the suggestion of Vincent & Fisher (1988, Evolutionary Ecology 2, 321-337), the fitness of an individual is defined to be an exponential function of its expected pay-off value. The results show that : (i) in our model, the static conditions of ESS are only dependent on the properties of pay-off matrix, but not on the specific form of fitness function. This result implies that the ESS conditions on our model are completely identical with the conditions in the two-phenotype model with linear fitness function. (ii) In our model, the relationship between the static conditions of ESS and the dynamic properties of the pure strategy model is that if the interior fixed point of the pure strategy model is not an ESS-equilibrium, then it must be unstable; conversely, if the interior fixed point of the pure strategy model is an ESS-equilibrium, then it can be stable or unstable, and an unstable ESS-equilibrium must correspond to the cyclic or chaotic behaviour of the population state.
