Clinical significance of cervical vertebral flexion and extension spatial alignment changes.

STUDY DESIGN: Radiographic review. OBJECTIVE: To study changes in alignment and curvature of the cervical vertebral column in the sagittal plane, and to provide references for the orthopedic treatment of cervical kyphosis. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA: There are few reports analyzing changes of the vertebral body itself or changes in their relationships between separate vertebrae. To understand cervical vertebrae and curvature dynamic variation patterns in the sagittal plane and provide a theoretical reference for orthopedic correction of cervical kyphosis, we measured spatial position and alignment of the cervical vertebrae on sagittal plane films of various postures. METHOD: Blind repeated measures design analysis of sagittal view standard lateral, hyper flexion, and hyper extension cervical spine of 60 healthy subjects measuring spatial alignment angle of C2 to C7 vertebral bodies in the sagittal plain ( angleA), C2 to C7 inferior terminal lamina tilt angle of ( angleB), and segmental intervertebral space angles C2/3 to C6/7 ( angleC) calculating flexion and extension amplitude changes in angleA, angleB, and angleC. Cervical curve apex was determined using Borden's method to compare change and distribution characteristics. RESULTS.: Segmental angleA is a positive mean value that increases from C2 to C7 when in the upright position. In hyper extension, mean angleA value decreases with gradual amplitude decrease from C2 to C7; however, a gradual overall increasing pattern is observed for mean angleA from C2 to C7. In hyper flexion, segmental angleA mean value increases with gradual amplitude decrease from C2 to C7, whereas with decreasing angular measurements from C2 to C7. angleB follows similar change regularities as angleA with a larger mean value than angleA. During maximum extension and maximum flexion, angleD is equal to angleE. For example: C2 angleD = C2 variable angleA; C2 angleE angle(C3 variable angleA + C2/3 variable angleC); and C2 angleD = C2 angleE. Cervical spine curve apex is mainly distributed between C4 and C5 on standard, hyper extension and hyper flexion lateral view. CONCLUSION: Dynamic cervical curvature changes based on a central apex, stems from vertebral rotation and displacement in the sagittal plane. Our study reveals variation patterns of dynamic cervical spine sagittal alignment and curvature, providing vertebral spatial alignment value as reference for orthopedic cervical kyphosis corrective surgery.

In vitro study of combination rhOPG-Fc and alendronate on inhibition osteoclast / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of combination rhOPG-Fc and alendronate on mature osteoclasts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Recombinant human osteoprotegerin secretory expression in P. pastoris was performed. Osteoblasts were got from new born mouse skeletal bone and proved by ALP staining and incubated together with osteoclasts precursor cell line Raw 264.7 in 96 well plate. After 9 d, 10 micromol/L ALN, 10(-5) g/L rhOPG-Fc, 10 micromol/L ALN + 10(-5) g/L rhOPG-Fc, 5 micromol/L ALN + 5 x 10(-6) g/L rhOPG-Fc were added to these coculture systems. Osteoblasts cultured without the drugs mentioned above served as controls. TRAP stain positive cells counting and cortical bone pit formation counting were preformed in the following the 3rd and 7th d.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that molecular weight of the expressed protein was about 55 KD, and it could reach specifically with anti-IgG antibody. Many multi-nuclear TRAP stain positive cells were found in the coculture control group after 9 d incubation, and proved to be mature osteoclasts by TRAP stain. In the 3rd and 7th d after the addition of rhOPG-Fc, ALN or both, TRAP stain positive cells counting and cortical bone pit formation counting decreased significantly in the rhOPG-Fc, ALN or both groups than in the control group, and the combine group (10(-5) g/L rhOPG-Fc + 10 micromol/L ALN) decreased most significantly when compared with rhopG-FC or ALN single.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>rhOPG-Fc can decrease the number of osteoclasts and inhibit their function. The combination of both rhOPG-Fc and ALN shows the significant inhibition effect on mature osteoclasts.</p>