A review of tungsten trioxide (WO3)-based materials for antibiotics removal via photocatalysis.

Antibiotics are extensively used in human medicine and animal breeding. The use of antibiotics has posed significant risks and challenges to the natural water environment. On a global scale, antibiotics have been frequently detected in the environment, azithromycin (254-529 ng·L-1), ciprofloxacin (245-1149 ng·L-1), ofloxacin (518-1998 ng·L-1), sulfamethoxazole (1325-5053 ng·L-1), and tetracycline (31.4-561 ng·L-1) are the most detected antibiotics in wastewater and surface water. Abuses of antibiotics has caused a significant threat to water resources and has seriously threatened the survival of human beings. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reduce antibiotic pollution and improve the environment. Researchers have been trying to develop effective methods and technologies for antibiotic degradation in water. Finding efficient and energy-saving methods for treating water pollutants has become an important global topic. Photocatalytic technology can effectively remove highly toxic, low-concentration, and difficult-to-treat pollutants, and tungsten trioxide (WO3) is an extremely potential alternative catalyst. Pt/WO3 photocatalytic degradation efficiency of tetracycline was 72.82%, While Cu-WO3 photocatalytic degradation efficiency of tetracycline was 96.8%; WO3/g-C3N4 photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ceftiofur was 70%, WO3/W photocatalytic degradation efficiency of florfenicol was 99.7%; WO3/CdWO4 photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ciprofloxacin was 93.4%; WO3/Ag photocatalytic degradation efficiency of sulfanilamide was 96.2%. Compared to other water purification methods, photocatalytic technology is non-toxic and ensures complete degradation through a stable reaction process, making it an ideal water treatment method. Here, we summarize the performance and corresponding principles of tungsten trioxide-based materials as a photocatalytic catalyst and provide substantial insight for further improving the photocatalytic potential of WO3-based materials.

Protective effect of loganin on podocyte injury induced by advanced glycation end products / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the protective effect of lo-ganin ( an active component in Cornus officinalis ) on podocyte injury induced by advanced glycation end products ( AGEs) and its possible mechanism. Meth-ods Mouse podocytes were cultured in vitro and di-vided into Normal group, model group ( AGEs group) , loganin group and aminoguanidine group ( set as posi-tive control) . After being incubated with loganin( final concentrations are 0. 1, 1, 10 μmol · L-1 ) for 1 h, podocytes were stimulated by AGEs of 100 mg · L-1 for 24 h. Then, the cell viability was measured by u-sing MTT method. Podocytes apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst33342/PI staining and flow cytometry. Re-ceptors of advanced glycation end products ( RAGE ) ,desmin and apoptosis-related protein like Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 in podocytes were detected by Western blot. Results Loganin ameliorated podocyte injury induced by AGEs, down-regulated the expression of desmin and RAGE. Loganin also reduced the apoptotic rate of podocytes and decreased the ratio of Bax/ Bcl-2 and the expression of pro-apoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3 in podocytes. Conclusion Loganin could ameliorate podocyte injury, and its mechanism may be related to the decrease of the expression of RAGE and inhibition of the apoptotic pathway.