How diversification of overseas subsidiaries affects parent company innovation performance: evidence from China's multinationals.

This paper examines the diversification of overseas subsidiaries on innovation performance of the parent company. Based on theoretical analysis and a combined Chinese firm dataset from 2000 to 2013, we find that diversification of overseas subsidiaries positively promotes the parent company innovation performance through the spillover effect of innovation capabilities. In addition, we determine that both the overseas and domestic investment layout can positively moderate the main effect. But there are differences between them. In concrete terms, the domestic investment layout plays a substitution effect in developed areas and acts a more pronounced moderating role in state-owned sample. Besides, the overseas investment layout plays a more important substitutive moderating role on non-state-owned enterprises. This research provides a special insight for studying the reverse spillover effect of OFDI in terms of the contribution of subsidiary linkages and offers several recommendations for multinational corporations to enhance the global competitiveness.

Innovation driver and county air pollution: cost-benefit analysis perspective.

Innovation is the first power to drive the county's green and low-carbon. It is crucial to explore the impact of innovation on air pollution from the perspective of counties at the bottom of the administrative division hierarchy. The article is aimed at exploring the direct impact effects, spatial spillover effects, impact mechanism pathways, non-linear relationships, and cost-benefits of innovation drive on air pollution in counties. To this end, based on the collection of county-level data from 2007 to 2020 in mainland China, the article constructs a fixed-effects model, a dynamic panel model, and a spatial Durbin model for analysis. For every 1% increase in the quantity of innovation, the county SO2 emission concentration decreases by 0.2% on average; for every 1% increase in the quality of innovation, the county SO2 emission concentration decreases by 0.3% on average. When the county innovation quantity driver increases by one standard deviation, the county SO2 concentration decreases by an average of 0.29%; when the county innovation quality driver each standard deviation increases, the county SO2 concentration is reduced by 0.33% on average. The significant entry of high-end factors, the increased frequency of regulation by the environmental protection department, and the increasing efficiency of energy use are the important mechanism pathways for innovation-driven reduction of air pollution in counties. There is no significant "(inverted) U-shaped" relationship between innovation-driven air pollution in the county samples. There is a negative spatial spillover effect of the innovation quality drive on air pollution control in all Chinese county samples. Innovation to drive the declining size of the county's sulfur dioxide can bring about one billion yuan (about 139.81 million U.S. dollars) in comprehensive economic benefits. In the coming period, county governments should build a new pattern of "blue sky and white clouds" with neighboring regions in terms of spatial agglomeration of high-end elements, green transformation and utilization of energy, and intelligent monitoring and supervision of pollution.

Analysis on Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Air Quality Index (AQI) in China.

After the reform and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly. However, environmental problems have gradually emerged, the top of which is air pollution. We have used the following methods: In view of the shortcomings of the current spatio-temporal evolution analysis of the Air Quality Index (AQI) that is not detailed to the county level and the lack of analysis of its underlying causes, this study collects the AQI of all counties in China from 2014 to 2021, and uses spatial autocorrelation and other analysis methods to deeply analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristic. Based on the provincial panel data, the spatial econometric model is used to explore its influencing factors and spillover effects. The research results show that: (1) From 2014 to 2021, the AQI of all counties in China showed obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics, and counties in central and western Xinjiang, as well as Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, were high-value agglomeration areas; (2) the change trend of the AQI value also has obvious spatial autocorrelation, and generally presents a downward trend. However, the AQI value in a small number of regions, such as Xinjiang, shows a slow decline or even a reverse rise; (3) there are some of the main factors affecting AQI, such as GDP per capita, percentage of forest cover, total emissions of SO2, and these factors have different impacts on different regions. In addition, the increase of GDP per capita, the reduction of industrialization level, and the increase of forest coverage will significantly improve the air quality of other surrounding provinces. An in-depth analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution, influencing factors, and spillover effects of AQI in China is conducive to formulating countermeasures to improve air quality according to local conditions and promoting regional sustainable development.

The Coordination of Aquaculture Development with Environment and Resources: Based on Measurement of Provincial Eco-Efficiency in China.

To resolve the environmental problems of China's aquaculture industry, we must examine the current situation and comprehensively consider aquaculture growth, resource conservation and environmental protection. Using the unit investigation and evaluation method to evaluate the nonpoint source pollution of each province, this paper calculates eco-efficiency to evaluate the coordination of environment and aquaculture growth based on the slacks-based measure directional distance function dealing with undesirable outputs. The results reveal that the eco-efficiency of aquaculture in China from 2003 to 2018 is 0.70 and obviously lower than the industry's economic efficiency, indicating aquaculture development has not been coordinated with resources and the environment. Environmental pollution brings great loss to the economic efficiency of aquaculture. Specifically, eastern China, with the highest aquaculture output, shows the best degree of coordination, followed by western China. Six provinces or province-level municipalities, including Fujian, Shanghai, Beijing, Hainan and Tianjin, are growing soundly and rapidly, while central China exhibits the most obvious imbalance among the environment, resources and aquaculture development.

Can the Adjustment and Renovation Policies of Old Industrial Cities Reduce Urban Carbon Emissions?-Empirical Analysis Based on Quasi-Natural Experiments.

Based on a literature review and theoretical mechanism, this paper takes the implementation point of the adjustment and transformation policy for old industrial cities as the breakthrough point, and uses a regression model to explore the impact of the adjustment and transformation policy of these old industrial cities on urban carbon emissions. This paper also robustly tests the effective mechanisms and environmental hypotheses. Overall, the implementation of the adjustment and renovation policy has significantly reduced the carbon emissions of old industrial cities by about 0.068 units. Compared with the control group cities, the pilot cities reduced carbon emissions by an average of about 310,000 tons after the implementation of the policy. Based on a summary of the excellent Chinese case experience and an empirical analysis, it can be concluded that improvements in the green innovation capacity of old industrial cities, the agglomeration of high-end service industries, and the strengthening of ecological restoration are important mechanisms that lead to reduced carbon emissions. There is no subsequent exacerbation of the carbon intensity of neighboring cities, and there is insufficient evidence to prove pollution via neighboring transfers and use of the beggar-thy-neighbor policy. The extended analysis shows that the "inverted U-shaped" CO2 Kuznets environmental curve hypothesis is significantly present in the sample of old industrial cities, but most cities do not cross the threshold. In 2013, about 60% of the urban sample economic growth and carbon emissions showed signs of tapping into potentials and increasing efficiency (absolute decoupling) and intensive expansion (relative decoupling). In old industrial cities, the proportion of relative decoupling shows a fluctuating upward trend. In the future, the government should accurately select its own development orientation and actively seek the "best balance" between economic growth and a green and low-carbon path.