Learning and Memory Impairments With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

ADHD is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder and is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and are often accompanied by learning and memory impairment. Great evidence has shown that learning and memory impairment of ADHD plays an important role in its executive function deficits, which seriously affects the development of academic, cognitive and daily social skills and will cause a serious burden on families and society. With the increasing attention paid to learning and memory impairment in ADHD, relevant research is gradually increasing. In this article, we will present the current research results of learning and memory impairment in ADHD from the following aspects. Firstly, the animal models of ADHD, which display the core symptoms of ADHD as well as with learning and memory impairment. Secondly, the molecular mechanism of has explored, including some neurotransmitters, receptors, RNAs, etc. Thirdly, the susceptibility gene of ADHD related to the learning and impairment in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis. Key words: Learning and memory, ADHD, Review.

[A cross-sectional survey and analysis of influencing factors on the occurrence of post-burn psychological stress disorder in preschool children].

Objective: To explore the occurrence and influencing factors of post-burn psychological stress disorder in preschool children. Methods: This study was a multi-center cross-sectional survey. From January 2022 to February 2023, 85 preschool children (aged 1 to 6 years) with burns admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Suining Central Hospital, Guang'an People's Hospital, and Guangyuan Central Hospital who met the inclusion criteria were selected as respondents. A self-made general information questionnaire was used to investigate the children's general data including gender, age group, residential area, main caregiver and their education level, and family type, as well as the injury condition including cause of injury and burn severity. The Child Stress Disorders Checklist was used to investigate the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in children at 3 days to 1 month after injury, and the incidence rate was calculated. The children were classified according to their general data and injury condition, and the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in children at 3 days to 1 month after injury was recorded, and the influencing factors for post-burn psychological stress disorder in preschool children were screened. Results: A total of 85 questionnaires were distributed and 85 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 100%. Among the children, there were 45 boys and 40 girls, with most children aged 1 to 3 years. There were slightly more children in rural areas than in cities. About half of the children were mainly cared for by their parents and grandparents, respectively, and the education level of the main caregivers was mainly high school/technical secondary school. The family type was mainly core family and extended family. The main cause of injury was hydrothermal scald, and the severity of burns was mainly moderate. The incidence rate of psychological stress disorder in this group of children at 3 days to 1 month after injury was 34.12% (29/85). There were statistically significant differences in the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in children with different age groups, causes of injuries, and burn severity at 3 days to 1 month after injury (with χ2 values​​of 9.18, 7.80, and 25.47, respectively, P<0.05); there were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in children with different genders, residential area, main caregivers, main caregivers' education levels, or family types at 3 days to 1 month after injury (P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age group and burn severity were independent influencing factors for the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in preschool children after burns (with odds ratios of 8.21 and 33.99, respectively, and 95% confidence intervals of 1.57-43.04 and 5.55-207.93, respectively, P<0.05), the older the child and the more severe the burn, the higher the possibility of the occurrence of psychological stress disorder. Conclusions: The incidence rate of psychological stress disorder is high in preschool children after burns. Age group and burn severity are independent influencing factors for the occurrence of post-burn psychological stress disorder in this type of children.

Role of LncMALAT1-miR-141-3p/200a-3p-NRXN1 Axis in the Impairment of Learning and Memory Capacity in ADHD.

As a prevalent neurodevelopmental disease, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impairs the learning and memory capacity, and so far, there has been no available treatment option for long-term efficacy. Alterations in gene regulation and synapse-related proteins influence learning and memory capacity; nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism of synapse-related protein synthesis is still unclear in ADHD. LncRNAs have been found participating in regulating genes in multiple disorders. For instance, lncRNA Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1) has an essential regulatory function in numerous psychiatric diseases. However, how MALAT1 influences synapse-related protein synthesis in ADHD remains largely unknown. Here, our study found that MALAT1 decreased in the hippocampus tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) compared to the standard controls, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Subsequent experiments revealed that MALAT1 enhanced the expression of neurexin 1 (NRXN1), which promoted the synapse-related genes (SYN1, PSD95, and GAP43) expression. Then, the bioinformatic analyses predicted that miR-141-3p and miR-200a-3p, microRNAs belonging to miR-200 family and sharing same seed sequence, could interact with MALAT1 and NRXN1 mRNA, which were further confirmed by luciferase report assays. Finally, rescue experiments indicated that MALAT1 influenced the expression of NRXN1 by sponging miR-141-3p/200a-3p. All data verified our hypothesis that MALAT1 regulated synapse-related proteins (SYN1, PSD95, and GAP43) through the MALAT1-miR-141-3p/200a-3p-NRXN1 axis in ADHD. Our research underscored a novel role of MALAT1 in the pathogenesis of impaired learning and memory capacity in ADHD and may shed more light on developing diagnostic biomarkers and more effective therapeutic interventions for individuals with ADHD.

Development of a high-speed small-angle infrared thermography system in EAST.

A high-speed infrared small-angle infrared thermography system (SATS) has been developed and installed on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) for measuring the surface temperature of the divertor target to calculate the high heat flux induced by Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) and providing observation means for the further physical study of some key parameters, such as power decay length λq and the characteristic time of different types of ELMs. An endoscopic optical system is applied to realize the SATS for clear imaging of the divertor plate area and protection from the harm of impurity deposition and latent tungsten ablation during discharge. The field of view (FOV) of the endoscopic optical system is designed to be 13° in the horizontal direction and 9° in the vertical direction. As a consequence, ∼35° of coverage of the lower-outer divertor and a small part of the lower-inner divertor in toroidal are covered by the FOV with a spatial resolution of around 2 mm/pixel. This paper presents a detailed description of the new SATS and the preliminary experimental diagnostic results. The radial distribution of heat flux induced by an ELM crash was demonstrated.

Suanzaoren Decoction for the treatment of chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) in Traditional Chinese Medicine is a common prescription for chronic insomnia. This study systematically and accurately evaluated the safety and efficacy of SZRD in the treatment of chronic insomnia, thus providing a reference for its clinical application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From the establishment of the corresponding database until May 2022, we systematically queried EMbase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang Database. Randomized control trials (RCTs) were included in this study, and the results that qualified for inclusion were screened and cross-checked by two researchers. After the relevant data were extracted, a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 1,311 patients with chronic insomnia from 12 RCTs were enrolled in the meta-analysis, showing that the use of SZRD alone or in combination was superior to the control group in improving the clinical effective rate (RR=1.22, 95%CI [1.16, 1.29], p<0.00001), reducing the recurrence rate (RR=0.47, 95%CI [0.28, 0.80], p=0.005), and lowering the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores (MDSZRD+WM=-3.35,95%CI [-5.22, -1.47], p<0.00001); (MDSZRD=-1.94, 95%CI [-3.80, -0.07], p = 0.04). SZRD also could reduce the adverse effects rate (RR=0.30, 95% CI [0.22, 0.40], p<0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: It was therefore concluded that SZRD alone or in combination with Western medicine can increase the clinical effective rate, reduce the recurrence rate, improve the quality of life of chronic insomnia patients, and decrease the incidence of adverse effects. However, studies included in this analysis varied in quality, and more large-sample, high-quality, multi-center RCTs are still needed to verify the above conclusions.

Breakup of the proton halo nucleus 8B near barrier energies.

The dynamics of a nuclear open quantum system could be revealed in the correlations between the breakup fragments of halo nuclei. The breakup mechanism of a proton halo nuclear system is of particular interest as the Coulomb polarization may play an important role, which, however, remains an open question. Here we use a highly efficient silicon detector array and measure the correlations between the breakup fragments of 8B incident on 120Sn at near-barrier energies. The energy and angular correlations can be explained by a fully quantum mechanical method based on the state-of-the-art continuum discretized coupled channel calculations. The results indicate that, compared to the neutron halo nucleus 6He, 8B presents distinctive reaction dynamics: the dominance of the elastic breakup. This breakup occurs mainly via the short-lived continuum states, almost exhausts the 7Be yield, indicating the effect of Coulomb polarization on the proton halo state. The correlation information reveals that the prompt breakup mechanism dominates, occurring predominantly on the outgoing trajectory. We also show that, as a large environment, the continuum of 8B breakup may not significantly influence elastic scattering and complete fusion.

Gas-Sensing Properties and Preparation of Waste Mask Fibers/ZnS Composites.

To realize the resource utilization of waste mask fibers (MF), a layer of ZnS nanoparticles was grown on MF by a one-step hydrothermal method, and a MF/ZnS sensor was successfully prepared. This is the first time that resource utilization of MF has been combined with the development of a high-performance gas sensor. The MF/ZnS sensor showed high sensitivity and recoverability to target vapors at room temperature. Compared with ZnS powder loaded on a ceramic substrate, the MF/ZnS composite responses to four analytes have been improved by 8.4~35.2 times. In addition, the time for the MF/ZnS sensor to complete one response-recovery cycle for all four analytes was less than 30 s. This should be attributed to the high gas permeability of the MF substrate, which made the ZnS particles loaded on the MF more fully exposed to contact with the target vapors. This work not only provides a simple and low-cost method to optimize the sensing performance of gas sensors but also provides a new way for the resource utilization of MF. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11664-022-09644-1.

Runs of homozygosity analysis reveals population characteristics of yellow-feathered chickens using re-sequencing data.

1. To evaluate the inbreeding of yellow-feathered chickens (YFCs) and identify genes related to their unique characteristics, whole-genome re-sequencing data were applied to detect runs of homozygosity (ROH) in the genomes of 10 YFC chickens from each of 10 different YFC breeds. The number, length, distribution of ROH, and inbreeding coefficient in different YFC populations were calculated. Genomic regions with high frequency in ROH were annotated.2. In total, 25,547 ROH with an average length of 335 kb were detected, with most being <1 Mb. The domination of short ROH reflected the long breeding history of this chicken. The number, length, frequency, and distribution of ROH varied among chicken populations, and high genetic diversity was maintained.3. Numerous genes related to YFC characteristics were identified in the high-frequency ROH regions. Among these, IFNA, IFNB, IL11 RA, IL22 RA1, IFNLR1, and TRIF genes were involved in disease resistance. The AMY, G6PC, SDHB, GCNT4, and ACO genes were associated with energy material metabolism; and FABPL, AQP7, ACAA2, and RYR2 were related to meat quality and flavour. The KITLG, CREB3, RYR2, and LGR4 genes, related to pigmentation, were detected.4. This ROH-based inbreeding evaluation lays the foundation for breeding and conservation of YFC populations, and the candidate genes identified can be used for marker-assisted selection.

Application of random sample consensus method for parameter estimation of reflectometry density profile in toroidal plasma.

Microwave reflectometry diagnostics have been widely used to measure density profiles in fusion plasma. However, the high sensitivity of the diagnostics to plasma turbulence often results in large radial deviations in the edge density profile and causes difficulty in profile evaluation. To improve the performance of profile evaluation, a modified RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC) method has been applied to fit the density profiles measured by reflectometry on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. Compared with the traditional least-squares method, the modified RANSAC method is much more efficient and robust in fitting the experimental profiles. Furthermore, a combination of RANSAC and a genetic algorithm (GA-RANSAC) is used to further optimize the profile evaluation procedure. The results show that this GA-RANSAC method yields better performance and stabler convergence than the modified RANSAC alone.

[The diagnostic value of flow cytometry in patients with lymphoma associated hemophagocytic syndrome].

Objective: To evaluate the reliability of flow cytometry (FCM) for diagnosing lymphoma associated hemophagocytic syndrome (LAHS). Method: The clinical data in 57 patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)were retrospective analyzed at Peking University Shenzhen Hospital from July 2010 to July 2019. All patients were performed bone marrow FCM and bone marrow pathological examination before final diagnoses were made. The golden diagnosis criterion was based on clinical, biochemical and histopathological evidence, which was regarded as the standard to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of FCM analysis in diagnosing LAHS. Results: Among 57 cases, 36 cases were eventually diagnosed with LAHS, including 15 B-cell lymphoma(14 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 1 B-cell lymphoma with reactive T-cell hyperplasia), 13 aggressive NK/T cell lymphoma/leukemia, 2 cases of gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma, 4 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, 1 enteropathy-associated peripheral T-cell lymphoma and 1 anaplastic T-cell lymphoma. Lymphoma cells in bone marrow were detected in all patients by FCM except one ENTCL patient. The sensitivity and the specificity of FCM in LASH compared to bone marrow biopsy were 97.2%(P=0.014)and 90.5%(P=0.488) respectively. In the other 21 non-LAHS patients, T cell receptor Vß (TCRVß) rearrangement was detected in 2 patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated primary HLH. Conclusions: FCM effectively detects lymphoma cells in bone marrow of lymphoma patients with LHL, suggesting that FCM could be an important indicator for the diagnosis of LAHS. FCM also has the advantage in differentiating LAHS from other HLH.

Large Isospin Asymmetry in

ß-delayed one-proton emissions of ^{22}Si, the lightest nucleus with an isospin projection T_{z}=-3, are studied with a silicon array surrounded by high-purity germanium detectors. Properties of ß-decay branches and the reduced transition probabilities for the transitions to the low-lying states of ^{22}Al are determined. Compared to the mirror ß decay of ^{22}O, the largest value of mirror asymmetry in low-lying states by far, with δ=209(96), is found in the transition to the first 1^{+} excited state. Shell-model calculation with isospin-nonconserving forces, including the T=1, J=2, 3 interaction related to the s_{1/2} orbit that introduces explicitly the isospin-symmetry breaking force and describes the loosely bound nature of the wave functions of the s_{1/2} orbit, can reproduce the observed data well and consistently explain the observation that a large δ value occurs for the first but not for the second 1^{+} excited state of ^{22}Al. Our results, while supporting the proton-halo structure in ^{22}Al, might provide another means to identify halo nuclei.

[Effect of rivanol-induced abortion on placental histology: pitfalls in pathological interpretations].

Objective: Placental pathology reflects the health condition of both mother and fetus during pregnancy, providing information about pathogenesis especially in adverse pregnancies, and may provide guidance on subsequent pregnancies. Description on the placental changes after long-term use of rivanol is lacking, and this evaluated the placental changes, with emphasis on the differential diagnosis from other primary placental lesions. Methods: A total of 85 placentas from rivanol induced abortion submitted to the Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from Januaury 2017 to October 2019 were reviewed; and 81 gestational-age-matched cases of spontaneous abortion or preterm delivery during the same period were also included as the control group. Diagnoses were based on the consensus statement of 2016 Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group. Statistical differences were analyzed by individual diagnostic terms. Results: The maternal age in rivanol group was (30.5±4.1) (range 22-41) years, compared with (30.9±4.3) (range 22-44) years in the control group. Gestational age was (23.2±3.5) (range 17-35) weeks and (23.3±2.8) (range 17-33) weeks in the rivanol and control groups. The incidence of chorioamnionitis in rivanol group was 91.8%, significantly higher than the control (63.0%, P<0.05); and there were more stage 1 (subchorionic) maternal response in rivanol than in the control (61.0% vs.28.6%, P<0.05) groups. In addition, acute deciduitis was also more common in rivanol group (27.1% vs. 13.6%, P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in fetal inflammatory responses (vasculitis of vessels in chorion plate and umbilical cord); maternal malperfusion (narrowing of intervillous space, increased intervillous fibrin deposition, decidual arteriopathy, villous infarction and retroplacental hematoma); and fetal malperfusion (villous stromal hemorrhage and avascular villi). Conclusions: The chemical chorioamnionitis caused by rivanol is characterized by maternal inflammatory response of low stage and high grade. The use of rivanol has no obvious impact on the fetal inflammatory response, maternal malperfusion and fetal malperfusion. Such morphologic changes may reflect the original placental lesions.

[Clinical analysis of seven cases with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 in children].

Objective: To investigate the clinical, imaging and molecular characteristics of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) in children and to sum up existing evidence for further understanding the phenotype-genotype correlation of infantile PH1. Methods: This retrospective analysis was based on the medical records of children with PH1 diagnosed by gene test in the Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from June 2016 to May 2019. Targeted exome sequencing was performed on tubular disease-related genes of the probands and Sanger sequencing was conducted to validate suspected pathogenic variants of family members. Logistic regression analysis of NC and CCr was adopted to show the relation between NC and renal function. The literature review was conducted, and the clinical, imaging and molecular biogenetic characteristics of the disease were analyzed and summarized. Results: A total of 7 children from 6 families were enrolled. The median age of onset was 5 months. The median age of diagnosis was 8 months. Five cases had progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), one case had chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 1, and the other one had CKD stage 2. Four cases died, one case maintained on hemodialysis, and the other two non-dialysis cases were followed up. Among the 7 cases, 4 patients had infantile PH1, 1 patient had child and adolescent type, 1 patient had family type and the other one had unknown classification. There were two siblings (the younger brother had uremia and the sister had normal renal function) who had the delayed diagnosis for 5 and 3 years respectively. All patients in this cohort had proteinuria and microscopic hematuria, but no patients had gross hematuria. Three cases had hypercalciuria. Comprehensive diagnostic imaging evaluation include CT scan, MR scan, radiography and ultrasound led to the diagnosis of nephrocalcinosis (NC) in 5 cases, including 4 cases of simple NL and 1 case of NC with nephrolithiasis (NL), 1 case of multiple NL and 1 case of microcrystal deposition in renal medulla. However, only one case of NC was identified by ultrasound, the other 4 cases of NC were identified by radiograph examination. In the logistic regression analysis involving NC and creatinine clearnce rate (CCr), the results showed that NC was an independent risk factor for renal dysfunction (OR 2.5, 95%CI 0.7-1.2, P<0.05). All the 7 cases had AGXT gene variant, including homozygous variant in 4 cases and compound heterozygous variant in 3 cases. A total of 9 variant genotypes were found, and exon 6 variants were found in 4 children. Among them, there were 3 cases with c.679_680delAA. To our knowledge, both c.679_680delAA and c.190A>T in the cohort have not been reported previously. Conclusions: Infantile PH1 is the most common type of PH1 in children, which progresses rapidly or even begins with renal failure, with poor prognosis. It is also highly heterogeneous in phenotype and genotype. NC is an independent risk factor leading to renal failure. Radiograph examination showed high specificity for the diagnosis of NC. At present, the misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of PH1 are still common in China. It is of great significance to carry out quantitative determination of uric oxalate in order to reduce the misdiagnosis rate and enhance follow-up technologies for evaluating the therapeutic effect.

HIV-1 genotype is independently associated with immunodeficiency progression among Chinese men who have sex with men: an observational cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: HIV-1 genetic diversity is increasing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China, but the association of HIV-1 genotype with disease progression remains to be elucidated. METHODS: We collected data in an observational longitudinal cohort study of 860 HIV-1-infected MSM in Guangzhou, China between January 2008 and March 2017. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard model were used to predict the time from HIV-1 diagnosis to immunodeficiency progression (CD4 cell count < 200 cells/µl) as well as adjusted hazard ratio (aHR). RESULTS: CRF01_AE and HIV-1 subtype B infection were associated with higher percentage of patients progressed to immunodeficiency and higher incidence of immunodeficiency than infection with CRF07_BC or CRF55_01B. Compared with CRF07_BC, the time from HIV-1 diagnosis to immunodeficiency were different among the major HIV-1 genotypes, which ranked as follows, in descending order: CRF07_BC (7.03 years) > CRF55_01B (5.71 years, P = 0.014; aHR 3.752, P = 0.0923) > CRF01_AE (5.18 years, P < 0.001; aHR 4.733, P = 0.0152). HIV-1 genotype, viral load and baseline CD4 T-cell count were three independent variables associated with disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm differential rates of immunodeficiency progression as a function of HIV-1 genotype. The impact of HIV-1 genotype on HIV epidemics, patient management and prevention should be further investigated.

[Status quo and characteristic analysis among MSM-users of the "Internet Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" in Guangzhou].

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of the "Interner Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" among MSM who frequently using the Internet in Guangzhou. Methods: An online survey was conducted among MSM who were recruited through gay-website portals between August and September, 2018 in Guangzhou, to collect information regarding the use of and attitudes on the "Interner Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" . Logistic regression was used to explore the association between the use of Internet intervention tools and related behavioral characteristics. Information on the awareness of AIDS, HIV testing, and condomless anal sex behavior were compared between the core or non-core services users. Results: A total of 777 Internet-based MSM were recruited as participants including 638 men (82.1%) as core service users. MSM were satisfied in using the the "Interner Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" while more than 80.0% of the users felt that the tools were helpful in: increasing the HIV awareness, promoting test uptake, and reducing those related risk behavior. Comparing with those who did not use the tools, the users showed higher rates in practising condomless anal intercourse (1.50-1.86 times), commercial sex with men (11.60-21.21 times), and unprotected vaginal intercourse (13.62-20.67 times), in the last 6 months. Proportions of core service users appeared as: [96.6% vs. 74.8%, aOR (95%CI): 8.80 (4.85-15.97)] on HIV testing, [56.4% vs. 22.3%, aOR (95%CI): 4.54 (2.94-7.02)] on regular HIV testing and [86.2% vs. 80.6%, aOR (95%CI): 1.75 (1.06-2.89)] on awareness of HIV knowledge respectively, which were all significantly higher than the non-core service users. Conclusions: The frequent Internet using MSM in Guangzhou claimed to have had high acceptance and satisfaction on the local Internet HIV intervention service tools. The "Internet Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" had effectively reached the high-risk subgroups of MSM, increasing the awareness on related risk and promoting testing on HIV.

[Characteristic analysis among MSM-users of the "Online HIV Acquisition Risk Assessment System" in Guangzhou].

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of levels related to the risk through self-evaluation system, among MSM users in Guangzhou, between 2015 and 2017. Methods: Between 2015 and 2017, data was collected from the users of a self-evaluation system network related to HIV infection, based on the previous 'HIV health risk appraisal model'. Information on risk factors was collected to calculate the scores and levels of risks and to estimate the incidence of HIV. Taking the reference of R value on risks as (R=0.9-1.1) in general population. The ones with very low risk, with low risk, moderate risk, high risk and very high risk were set as R≤0.5, 0.52.0, respectively. The scores of modifiable risk factors were compared with different subgroups of MSM. Results: A total of 4 601 MSM were involved in this study, with the following features presented as: aged 16-64 (28.38±7.11) years, proportions of residence from Guangzhou, Guangdong province or other provinces as 38.6%(1 776/4 601)、35.4%(1 629/4 601) and 26.0%(1 197/4 601), 59.6%(2 742/4 601) received bachelor or above degrees. 81.3%(3 741/4 601) of them claimed as having homosexual orientation. R values of risk level on very low risk, low risk level, moderate risk, high risk and very high risk appeared as 12.9%(594/4 601), 50.9%(2 342/4 601), 17.0%(783/4 601), 14.8%(682/4 601) and 4.3%(200/4 601), respectively. Scores of modifiable risk factors decreased year by year (P<0.05), among MSM in this study. In either of the groups that experiencing insertive or receptive sex, the ones with heterosexual orientation presented the highest scores of modifiable risk factors (P<0.05). Conclusions: The risk levels on HIV infections called for special attention among the users of the self-evaluation network system. Among the MSM that carrying either insertive or receptive sex role, the ones with heterosexual orientation had the highest risk levels and scores of modifiable risk factors in Guangzhou. Further study should be explored to better understand the causes of related risks.

[Applicability and feasibility of "Lingnanzhun" -an "Internet Plus-based HIV Self-testing Tool" targeting MSM in Guangzhou].

Objective: This article was to evaluate the applicability and feasibility of "Lingnanzhun" -an "Internet Plus-based HIV Self-testing Tool" targeting MSM in Guangzhou. Hopefully, the results could be used to improve the existing HIV testing services and to support the implementation and scale-up of HIV self-testing programs. Methods: Data were collected from a survey on HIV testing preferences among the Internet-using MSM in April to June, 2015. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to identify factors associated with the use of HIV self-testing service provided by Lingnanzhun. Information related to the users of Lingnanzhun during September 2014 and December 2018 was also collected. Results: 769 MSM were recruited as participants. Of them, age distribution was 16-77(28.6±6.8) years old, 88.3%(679/769) were unmarried, 42.2%(325/769) were registered residents of Guangzhou, 82.1%(631/769) had university or college education. Among them, 195 (25.4%) used the HIV self- testing program of Lingnanzhun while 574 (74.6%) using the clinic service. Compared with the clinic service users, the Lingnanzhun users showed the following characteristics: longer experience in the MSM community ≥10 years (32.8% vs. 20.9%, 64/195 vs. 120/574); having male casual sexual partners ≥2 (42.1% vs. 29.6%, 82/195 vs. 170/574); having group sex (6.2% vs. 2.6%, 12/195 vs. 15/574) and having commercial sex with men (13.8% vs. 3.0%, 27/195 vs. 17/574). Data from the Lingnanzhun users showed that a total of 3 000 users had practised 5 038 times of self HIV-testings. 11.4% (343/3 000) of the Lingnanzhun users had never been tested. Conclusions: It was applicable and feasible to provide Internet-based HIV self-testing service to MSM as a significant complement to the traditional facility-based HIV testing services. It was also useful in accessing those who were having higher risk or had never received HIV testing so as to increase the testing uptake and the frequency.