Cognition of the warning symptoms and risk factors for cancer among Chinese college students: a cross-sectional study based on a summer social practice activity.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the cognition of cancer warning symptoms and cancer risk factors among Chinese college students, analyze the influencing factors, and explain the correlations between cancer cognition and cancer symptom discrimination, cancer fear and psychological distress. METHODS: Chinese college students were recruited in this cross-sectional study funded by a summer social practice activity in Yunnan Province, China. Cognition rates of cancer warning symptoms and cancer risk factors were evaluated using Cancer Warning symptoms Cognition Questionnaire (CWSCQ) and Cancer Risk Factors Cognition Questionnaire (CRFCQ), respectively. Factors associated with cognition of cancer warning symptoms, and factors associated with cognition of cancer risk factors were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis. Interactions between cancer cognition, cancer symptom discrimination, psychological distress, and cancer fear were evaluated by structural equation modeling. RESULTS: There were 846 effective samples, with an effective rate of 80.9%. The cognition rates of cancer warning symptoms were from 47.9% to 84.4%, which were affected by cancer symptom discrimination, education, attitudes towards cancer screening, living expenses, drinking history, and ways to obtain cancer knowledge (p < 0.05). The cognition rates of cancer risk factors were from 46.3% to 91.3% in participants, which were affected by education, cancer symptom discrimination, psychological distress, attitudes towards cancer screening, life satisfaction, cancer history in relatives and friends, ways to obtain cancer knowledge, smoking history, and nursing history for cancer patients (p < 0.05). Cancer cognition and cancer symptom discrimination showed intermediary effects on psychological distress and cancer fear (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The overall cancer cognition situation among Chinese college students is not optimistic, which highlights the necessity of improving the cancer health literacy among Chinese college students. With the increasing morbidity and mortality rates of cancer, it is necessary to raise awareness of early detection, and early treatment of cancer among the general public. Health education interventions are helpful to improve cancer health literacy.

Development and reliability and validity test of the Fear of Cancer Scale (FOCS).

OBJECTIVE: To develop a Fear of Cancer Scale (FOCS) for non-cancer populations. METHODS: FOCS was developed by classical measurement theory. A total of 15 college students were invited to conduct semi-structured interviews. Seven experts were invited for expert consultation. A total of 2012 Chinese college students who had completed the electronic questionnaire on WJX.cn platform was included. The reliability and validity of FOCS were verified. Multiple linear regression analysis was adopted to explore the influencing factors of cancer fear among college students and further verify the validity of FOCS. RESULTS: There were 17 items in the FOCS, including two subscales - direct fear (8 items), and indirect fear (9 items). FOCS had good validity and reliability. Multiple linear regression showed that GAD-7 score, CSDS score, negative coping score, positive coping score, guardian's highest education, gender, life satisfaction, nationality and major were the influencing factors of cancer fear (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The 17-item FOCS was a reliable and valid measure to examine the level of cancer fear in non-cancer populations.

[Sediment heavy metals quality criteria for fresh waters based on biological effect database approach].

Heavy metals are the important pollutants in sediments, which can cause serious damage to benthonic organisms and aquatic ecology, while biological effect database approach (BEDA) is a widely used method for assessing sediment quality in developed countries or regions. This paper introduced the concrete steps of this approach, and built the sediment quality criteria of five heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni) for fresh waters. The comparability, reliability, and predictability of the criteria were also tested. It was shown that the threshold effect level (TEL) of the Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cu was 3.0, 31.4, 47.3, 74.9, and 45.5 mg x kg(-1) dry mass, and the probable effect level (PEL) of the Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cu was 19, 76.9, 204.1, 403.6, and 181.1 mg x kg(-1) dry mass basis, respectively. Except for Zn, the TEL and PEL for the Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni were consistent with the definitional biological effect of the heavy metals, being accor-dance with the demands of sediment quality criteria for protecting benthic organisms and having high reliability, and thus, could be used as the proposed sediment quality criteria for fresh waters in China.