Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma Predominantly Composed of Anaplastic Cells: A Frequently Misdiagnosed and Highly Aggressive Variant.

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with the Epstein-Barr virus that primarily affects individuals in East Asia and indigenous populations in Central and South America. Morphologically, ENKTL typically consists of medium-sized cells or a combination of small and large cells. This report presents 10 cases characterized by predominantly anaplastic cells with diffuse expression of CD30, resembling anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK-negative ALCL) and demonstrating highly aggressive behavior. The cohort included 9 males and 1 female, ranging in age from 29 to 65 years (median age: 47 y). Eight patients presented with nasal disease, while 2 had non-nasal disease. Five patients had stage I/II disease, and the remaining 5 had stage III/IV disease. Morphologically, necrosis was observed in 9 cases, angiocentric-angiodestructive growth in 3 cases, and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in 2 cases. Anaplastic cells predominated in all cases, with some displaying eccentric, horseshoe-shaped, or kidney-shaped nuclei (referred to as "Hallmark" cells). The morphology profile was monomorphic in 3 cases and polymorphic in 7 cases. Immunohistochemically, all cases tested positive for cytotoxic granule markers (TIA1 and granzymeB) and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA. Cytoplasmic expression of CD3ε and CD56 was observed in 9 of 10 cases. Interestingly, most cases (7 of 8) exhibited variable expression of MuM1, ranging from 10% to 90%. All cases showed diffuse positivity for CD30 but were negative for ALK, resulting in 3 cases being initially misdiagnosed as ALK-negative ALCL. Compared with nonanaplastic cases, anaplastic cells predominant ENKTL had a significantly higher frequency of "B" symptoms, bone marrow involvement, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and higher Ki67 proliferative index. These findings provide valuable information for pathologists, expanding their understanding of the cytologic spectrum of ENKTL. This rare variant of ENKTL, characterized by the predominance of anaplastic cells and diffuse CD30 expression, exhibits high aggressiveness and should be differentiated from ALK-negative ALCL. Awareness of this uncommon variant is crucial in preventing misdiagnosis and ensuring the timely initiation of therapy.

Green synthesis of rectangular hollow tubular carbon nitride via in-situ self-assembly strategy to enhance the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride under visible light irradiation.

It has been an urgent requirement for materials with remarkable performance in the photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants by photocatalytic technology. Limited surface area and speedy recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers seriously restrain the application of g-C3N4. Morphology control is a powerful approach to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of g-C3N4. Herein, we reported a method to attain graphitic carbon nitride with rectangular hollow tubular morphology and asperous surface (TUM-CN-2) which is prepared from urea-melamine hydrothermal products and trithiocyanuric acid by self-assembling without using organic solvents or template agents. The specific surface area, photocatalytic activity, and photo-generated carriers migration and separation rate of the obtained photocatalyst TUM-CN-2 are vastly improved. Contrasted with pure g-C3N4, the degradation rate of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and Rhodamine B (RhB) was enhanced about 3.04 and 13.96 times in visible light irradiation, respectively. Moreover, the interference parameters, active free radicals, potential degradation mechanism, and degradation paths of TCH were researched systematically. This work provides a green way to acquire the modified g-C3N4 with splendid catalytic activity through the self-assembly method.

Synthesis of Double Defects in g-C3 N4 to Enhance the H2 O2 Production by Dual-Electron O2 Reduction.

In this work, the graphitic carbon nitride with -C≡N defects and S-defects (N2 -SCN-4) was constructed. The H2 O2 production efficiency of N2 -SCN-4 was 1423.3 µmol g-1 h-1 under the visible light (λ≥420 nm) irradiation, which was 15.4 times that of pristine g-C3 N4 . The -C≡N groups promote the adsorption of H+ and the S-defects provide the active center for the adsorption and activation of O2 . Furthermore, the surface morphology, microstructure, and photoelectric chemical properties of samples were investigated by a series of characterizations, and the response range of N2 -SCN-4 to visible light increases obviously. Meanwhile, the efficiency of photo-produced charge separation and the selectivity of H2 O2 production were discussed in detail. The experimental and characterization results confirmed that the charge separation efficiency and the selectivity of the 2e- O2 reduction reaction (ORR) were improved under the synergistic effect of the double defects. This work provides a strategy for improving the photocatalytic performance of photocatalysts.

A family with mental disorder as the first symptom finally confirmed with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease with P102L mutation in PRNP gene - case report.

Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease, and it is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia. Up to now, GSS cases with the p.P102L mutation have mainly been reported in Caucasian, but rarely in Asian populations. A 54-year-old female patient presented with an unstable gait in the hospital. Last year, she was unable to walk steadily and occasionally choked, could not even walk independently gradually. After taking her medical history, we found that she was misdiagnosed with schizophrenia before the gait problems. The patient's father showed similar symptoms and was diagnosed with brain atrophy at the age of 56, but her daughter showed no similar symptoms at present. On arrival at the Neurology Department, the patient's vital signs and laboratory examinations showed no abnormality. As the proband presented with cerebellar ataxia and had an obvious family history, we were sure that she had hereditary cerebellar ataxia. Then, patient's brain MRI showed an abnormal signal in the right parietal cortex and bilateral small ischaemic lesions in the frontal lobe. A gene panel (including 142 ataxia-related genes) was performed, and a heterozygous mutation PRNP Exon2 c.305C>T p. (Pro102Leu) was identified. Her daughter had the same heterozygous mutation. The patient was diagnosed with GSS with mental disorders as initial symptoms. After 2 months of TCM treatment, the patient's walking instability decreased, and her emotional fluctuations were less than before. In conclusion, we have reported a rare case of GSS in Sichuan, China, and the family with mental disorder as the first symptom was finally confirmed with GSS PRNP P102L mutation.

A personalized 0D-1D model of cardiovascular system for the hemodynamic simulation of enhanced external counterpulsation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a non-invasive treatment modality capable of treating a variety of ischemic diseases. Currently, no effective methods of predicting the patient-specific hemodynamic effects of EECP are available. In this study, a personalized 0D-1D model of the cardiovascular system was developed for hemodynamic simulation to simulate the changes in blood flow in the EECP state and develop the best treatment protocol for each individual. METHODS: A 0D-1D closed-loop model of the cardiovascular system was developed for hemodynamic simulation, consisting of a 1D wave propagation model for arteries, a 0D model for veins and capillaries, and a one-fiber model for the heart. Additionally, a simulation model coupling EECP with a 1D model was established. Physiological data, including the blood flow in different arteries, were clinically collected from 22 volunteers at rest and in the EECP state. Sensitivity analysis and a simulated annealing algorithm were used to build personalized 0D-1D models using the clinical data in the rest state as optimization objectives. Then, the clinical data on EECP were used to verify the applicability and accuracy of the personalized models. RESULTS: The simulation results and clinical data were found to be in agreement for all 22 subjects, with waveform similarity coefficients (r) exceeding 90% for most arteries at rest and 80% for most arteries during EECP. CONCLUSIONS: The 0D-1D closed-loop model and the optimized method can facilitate personalized modeling of the cardiovascular system using the data in the rest state and effectively predict the hemodynamic changes in the EECP state, which is significant for the numerical simulation of personalized hemodynamics. The model can also potentially be used to make decisions regarding patient-specific treatment.

Decrease in Tripartite Motif Containing 24 suppresses hypoxia-induced proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells via the AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway.

Tripartite Motif Containing 24 (TRIM24) is an oncogenic protein and promotes proliferation in several cancer cell lines. Nevertheless, the role of TRIM24 in proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) remains to be clarified. The current study was aimed to reveal the role of TRIM24 in proliferation and migration of PASMCs during the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In pulmonary arteries (PAs) of chronic hypoxia-PAH (CH-PAH) mice and PASMCs challenged with hypoxia, the expression of TRIM24 was increased. Silencing TRIM24 by Trim24 short hair RNA (shTrim24) suppressed hypoxia-induced increase in Ki-67 positive PASMCs and wound-healing rate. Furthermore, hypoxia caused enhanced phosphorylation of AKT and two major effectors of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), S6 and 4EBP1 in PASMCs. The enhancement was then attenuated after silencing TRIM24. Both restoring mTORC1 activity and AKT reactivation abolished silencing TRIM24-mediated inhibition of proliferation and migration of PASMCs. Additionally, AKT reactivation also reversed the declined phosphorylation of S6 and 4EBP1 induced by shTrim24. In conclusion, TRIM24 is involved in the excessive proliferation and migration of PASMCs after hypoxic stimulus during PAH. The mechanism of TRIM24-mediated regulation of PASMCs is partly illustrated by promoting activity of AKT/mTORC1 signaling pathway.

Macro van der Waals p-n heterojunction based on SnSe and SnSe2.

Van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions based on two-dimensional materials have attracted great attention in emerging photoelectronics. However, the low-efficiency growth of single crystals significantly limits the practical applications of vdW heterojunctions. Here, we report a macro SnSe/SnSe2 heterojunction assembled by conformally transferring in-plane p-type SnSe on n-type SnSe2 synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. With well-matched band alignments, the SnSe/SnSe2 vdW photodetector exhibits dramatically enhanced performance with a responsivity of 17.5 mA W-1 and a response time of 17 ms, comparing with the sole SnSe or SnSe2 based photodetector.

Cross-Linked Double Network Graphene Oxide/Polymer Composites for Efficient Coagulation-Flocculation.

Hybrid coagulant/flocculant consisting of nanomaterials have tremendous potential in solid-liquid separation and can be applied to the coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation process of water treatment. In this work, inspired by the mineralization in nature, a graphene oxide/polymer-based hybrid coagulant/flocculant that precipitates large-scale, multicomponent (e.g., dyes, heavy metal ions, and nanoparticles) and complex pollutants simultaneously at room temperature by forming double-network hydrogel through bioinspired Ca2+ crosslinking, is developed for the purification of wastewater. The coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation method developed here also provides a novel strategy for the preparation of macroscopic assemblies of multicomponents that can be applied to various application fields.

Transparent Electrothermal Film Defoggers and Antiicing Coatings based on Wrinkled Graphene.

Fog, frost, ice, and other natural phenomena can inevitably affect human life and the function of equipment. Therefore, removal or prevention is an urgent problem to be solved. As a new type of 2D material, graphene possesses great application potential in defogging and antiicing. In this work, a graphene film with intentionally increased defects and uniformly distributed wrinkles is synthesized on copper-zinc alloy substrates by chemical vapor deposition, and transparent electrothermal film defoggers are prepared based on such material. The defoggers can completely remove fog within 5 s when supplying a safe voltage of 28 V. The surface resistance of the defoggers is sensitive to humidity and it can monitor the defogging process in real time. Such outstanding performance is attributed to the ultrafast evaporation mechanism, which can prevent excessive water accumulation. The antiicing performance of wrinkled graphene (WG) is further studied. The antiicing coatings can delay freezing for 1.25 h at -15 °C or 2.8 h at -10 °C. The superior performance of WG can be explained by its unique surface structure and nanoscale roughness. Taken together, WG is expected to be used in antifog glass, rearview mirror defogging, aircraft surface deicing, and other applications.

Highly Stretchable, Adaptable, and Durable Strain Sensing Based on a Bioinspired Dynamically Cross-Linked Graphene/Polymer Composite.

Flexible strain sensors can detect physical signals (e.g., temperature, humidity, and flow) by sensing electrical deviation under dynamic deformation, and they have been used in diverse fields such as human motion detection, medical care, speech recognition, and robotics. Existing sensing materials have relatively low adaptability and durability and are not stretchable and flexible enough for complex tasks in motion detection. In this work, a highly flexible self-healing conductive polymer composite consisting of graphene, poly(acrylic acid) and amorphous calcium carbonate is prepared via a biomineralization-inspired process. The polymer composite shows good editability and processability and can be fabricated into stretchable strain sensors of various structures (sandwich structures, fibrous structures, self-supporting structures, etc.). The developed sensors can be attached on different types of surfaces (e.g., flat, cambered) and work well both in air and under water in detecting various biosignals, including crawling, undulatory locomotion, and human body motion.

High-Response Room-Temperature NO2 Sensor and Ultrafast Humidity Sensor Based on SnO2 with Rich Oxygen Vacancy.

SnO2 nanosheets with abundant vacancies (designated as SnO2- x) have been successfully prepared by annealing SnSe nanosheets in Argon. The transmission electron microscopy results of the prepared SnO2 nanosheets indicated that high-density SnO2- x nanoplates with the size of 5-10 nm were distributed on the surface of amorphous carbon. After annealing, the acquired SnO2- x/amorphous carbon retained the square morphology. The stoichiometric ratio of Sn/O = 1:1.55 confirmed that oxygen vacancies were abundant in SnO2 nanosheets. The prepared SnO2- x exhibited excellent performance of sensing NO2 at room temperature. The response of the SnO2- x-based sensor to 5 ppm NO2 was determined to be 16 with the response time and recovery time of 331 and 1057 s, respectively, which is superior to those of most reported room-temperature NO2 sensors based on SnO2 and other materials. When the humidity varied from 30 to 40%, Δ R/ R was 0.025. The ultrafast humidity response (52 ms) and recovery (140 ms) are competitive compared with other state-of-art humidity sensors. According to the mechanistic study, the excellent sensing performance of SnO2- x is attributed to its special structure.

In situ electrodeposition of polypyrrole onto TaSe2 nanobelts quasi-arrays for high-capacitance supercapacitor.

Transition metal dichalcogenides have recently revealed interesting physical properties which lead to promising applications for functional devices. TaSe2, as a member of transition metal dichalcogenides, attracts a great deal of attention as a layered electric conductor with low dimension and metallic nature. Herein, we prepare a three-dimensional conductive quasi-array based on 2H-TaSe2 nanobelts, which are synthesized directly on a tantalum foil by one step surface-assisted chemical vapor transport method. The conductive quasi-arrays are used as substrate for in situ electrodeposition of polypyrrole to form cylinder-like composite nanostructures. It is shown that the TaSe2 nanobelts can improve conductivity and stability of polypyrrole by acting as conductive and robust skeleton. A symmetric supercapacitor constructed from the composites demonstrates high areal capacitance of 835 mF cm-2 at a scan rate of 2 mV s-1, wide potential window of 1.2 V, and excellent cycling stability with 98.7% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles. Meanwhile, the assembly process of the supercapacitor is quite simple because it does not need any additional current collector, binder or conductive additive. The nanocomposites have been verified to be a very effective way to improve electrochemical performance of polypyrrole, and are promising to be applied as supercapacitors.

Synthetic Multifunctional Graphene Composites with Reshaping and Self-Healing Features via a Facile Biomineralization-Inspired Process.

Since graphene is a type of 2D carbon material with excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties, the efficient preparation of graphene macroscopic assemblies is significant in the potentially large-scale application of graphene sheets. Conventional preparation methods of graphene macroscopic assemblies need strict conditions, and, once formed, the assemblies cannot be edited, reshaped, or recycled. Herein, inspired by the biomineralization process, a feasible approach of shapeable, multimanipulatable, and recyclable gel-like composite consisting of graphene oxide/poly(acrylic acid)/amorphous calcium carbonate (GO-PAA-ACC) is designed. This GO-PAA-ACC material can be facilely synthesized at room temperature with a cross-linking network structure formed during the preparation process. Remarkably, it is stretchable, malleable, self-healable, and easy to process in the wet state, but tough and rigid in the dried state. In addition, these two states can be readily switched by adjusting the water content, which shows recyclability and can be used for 3D printing to form varied architectures. Furthermore, GO-PAA-ACC can be functionalized or processed to meet a variety of specific application requirements (e.g., energy-storage, actuators). The preparation method of GO-PAA-ACC composite in this work also provides a novel strategy for the versatile macroscopic assembly of other materials, which is low-cost, efficient, and convenient for broad application.

Formation of Uniform Water Microdroplets on Wrinkled Graphene for Ultrafast Humidity Sensing.

Portable humidity sensors with ultrafast responses fabricated in wearable devices have promising application prospects in disease diagnostics, health status monitoring, and personal healthcare data collecting. However, prolonged exposures to high-humidity environments usually cause device degradation or failure due to excessive water adsorbed on the sensor surface. In the present work, a graphene film based humidity sensor with a hydrophobic surface and uniformly distributed ring-like wrinkles is designed and fabricated that exhibits excellent performance in breath sensing. The wrinkled morphology of the graphene sensor is able to effectively prevent the aggregation of water microdroplets and thus maximize the evaporation rate. The as-fabricated sensor responds to and recovers from humidity in 12.5 ms, the fastest response of humidity sensors reported so far, yet in a very stable manner. The sensor is fabricated into a mask and successfully applied to monitoring sudden changes in respiratory rate and depth, such as breathing disorder or arrest, as well as subtle changes in humidity level caused by talking, cough and skin evaporation. The sensor can potentially enable long-term daily monitoring of breath and skin evaporation with its ultrafast response and high sensitivity, as well as excellent stability in high-humidity environments.

Correction: The physics and chemistry of graphene-on-surfaces.

Correction for 'The physics and chemistry of graphene-on-surfaces' by Guoke Zhao, Xinming Li, Meirong Huang et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46, 4417-4449.

A Wearable and Highly Sensitive Graphene Strain Sensor for Precise Home-Based Pulse Wave Monitoring.

Profuse medical information about cardiovascular properties can be gathered from pulse waveforms. Therefore, it is desirable to design a smart pulse monitoring device to achieve noninvasive and real-time acquisition of cardiovascular parameters. The majority of current pulse sensors are usually bulky or insufficient in sensitivity. In this work, a graphene-based skin-like sensor is explored for pulse wave sensing with features of easy use and wearing comfort. Moreover, the adjustment of the substrate stiffness and interfacial bonding accomplish the optimal balance between sensor linearity and signal sensitivity, as well as measurement of the beat-to-beat radial arterial pulse. Compared with the existing bulky and nonportable clinical instruments, this highly sensitive and soft sensing patch not only provides primary sensor interface to human skin, but also can objectively and accurately detect the subtle pulse signal variations in a real-time fashion, such as pulse waveforms with different ages, pre- and post-exercise, thus presenting a promising solution to home-based pulse monitoring.

The physics and chemistry of graphene-on-surfaces.

Graphene has demonstrated great potential in next-generation electronics due to its unique two-dimensional structure and properties including a zero-gap band structure, high electron mobility, and high electrical and thermal conductivity. The integration of atom-thick graphene into a device always involves its interaction with a supporting substrate by van der Waals forces and other intermolecular forces or even covalent bonding, and this is critical to its real applications. Graphene films on different surfaces are expected to exhibit significant differences in their properties, which lead to changes in their morphology, electronic structure, surface chemistry/physics, and surface/interface states. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the surface/interface properties is of great importance. In this review, we describe the major "graphene-on-surface" structures and examine the roles of their properties and related phenomena in governing the overall performance for specific applications including optoelectronics, surface catalysis, anti-friction and superlubricity, and coatings and composites. Finally, perspectives on the opportunities and challenges of graphene-on-surface systems are discussed.