[Characteristics of grassland degradation and its relationship with climate factors on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China]. / é’è—é«˜åŽŸè‰åœ°é€€åŒ–ç‰¹å¾åŠå ¶ä¸Žæ°”å€™å› å­çš„å ³ç³».

Understanding the distribution, characteristics, and changing trend and persistence of grassland degradation and revealing its mechanism on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau can provide scientific basis for effective grassland management and conservation. We selected grassland coverage as the remote sensing monitoring index to establish the remote sensing monitoring and evaluation index system of grassland degradation and evaluate grassland degradation during 2016 to 2020 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The changing trend and persistence of grassland coverage were analyzed using linear regression and Hurst index analysis on a long time series scale (1982-2020). The partial correlation analysis was used to examine the influence of climate on grassland degradation. The results showed that grassland degradation reached 24.3% during 2016 to 2020, which was mainly light and moderate degradation, and largely distributed in low altitude and high fractional vegetation cover areas. From 1982 to 2020, grassland coverage tended to increase in the north, west and southwest, and decreased in the east and center of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The Hurst index of grassland coverage was less than 0.5 in 98.1% of the total grassland, indicating grassland coverage showed negatively persistent. The partial correlation coefficient between grassland coverage and precipitation (0.096) was higher than that of temperature (-0.033). About 16.0% area was dominated by temperature, which was mainly distributed in the central and southeast. About 12.2% area was dominated by precipitation, which was distributed in the northeast and west of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Platelet-rich plasma regulating the repair of ultraviolet B-induced acute tissue inflammation: adjusting macrophage polarization through the activin receptor-follistatin system.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) is one of the most common exogenous factors in skin aging, especially photoaging. Once a large amount of UVB accumulates within a short period of time, skin tissue can become inflamed. It has also been found in clinics that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can promote wound repair; therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the mechanism by which PRP repairs UVB-induced skin photodamage. We used PRP of Sprague-Dawley rats with the two-spin technique in the established acute UVB radiation photodamage model and harvested the corresponding skin after 1, 7, and 28 d. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe tissue inflammation. We found that PRP reduces inflammation in the early stages of UVB-induced acute skin damage, and then promotes the proliferation of collagen in the middle and late stages. Moreover, PRP can stimulate Act A and M1 polarization in the early stage, while inhibiting activin A (Act A) and inducing M2 polarization in the middle and late stages. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PRP plays an important regulatory role in helping reduce UVB-induced acute skin tissue inflammation by adjusting macrophage polarization, which alleviates skin inflammation and stimulates collagen regeneration.

Corrigendum to "The Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type A on Expression Profiling of Long Noncoding RNAs in Human Dermal Fibroblasts".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2017/2957941.].

5-aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy inhibits ultraviolet B-induced skin photodamage.

To evaluate the photoprotective effect of 5-aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin photodamage. In vivo experiments, the dorsal skin of hairless mice were treated with ALA-PDT or saline-PDT, and then exposed to 180 mJ/m2 UVB. Results showed that the number of sunburn cells and apoptotic cells in the epidermis of ALA-PDT-treated groups at 24 h after UVB irradiation were significantly decreased compared with those in the UVB groups. And the removal rate of CPDs was obviously higher in ALA-PDT-treated groups. At 48 h, the number of Ki67 positive nuclei in ALA-PDT-UVB group was significantly fewer than that in UVB group. Further in vitro experiments, human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) cells of two groups (one treated with ALA-PDT, the other untreated), were exposed to 60 mJ/m2 UVB irradiation. We found 0.5 mmol/L of ALA and 3 J/cm2 of red light did not affect the vitality of cells, and could reduce UVB induced apoptosis, accelerate the clearance of CPDs, inhibit proliferation and activate p53. Thus, our data demonstrate that ALA-PDT pretreatment can induce a protective DNA damage response that protects skin cells from UVB-induced photodamages.

Acute myeloid leukemia with adult atopic dermatitis as first manifestation: A case report.

RATIONALE: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic recurrent dermatitis with profound itching, which could be the first manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). PATIENT CONCERNS: A 53-year-old Chinese man suffered a 6-month history of systemic symmetrical dermatitis, accompanied with profound itching. The patient was diagnosed as "eczema" in several hospitals, and the effects of antihistamine and topical steroid creams were poor. Nocturnal sleep was seriously affected by aggravating pruritus. Laboratorial examination was compatible with AML-M4. DIAGNOSES: AML-M4 with AD as first manifestation. INTERVENTIONS: IA regimen (ayninen and cytarabine) were used in induction chemotherapy. However, the patient did not achieve complete remission, and although his rash had improved, he still experienced severely general body itching. On the seventh day of chemotherapy, the patient entered the period of granulocyte deficiency with infection. OUTCOMES: The patient died due to septic shock after chemotherapy. LESSONS: The case strengthens the awareness of AML with AD as first manifestation and raises oncological vigilance in patients with AD refractory.

Case series of neck accessory tragus.

We report three cases of neck accessory tragus, which is the largest number of cases with dermatologists reported in China. Neck accessory tragus belongs to special accessory auricular anomaly. Case 1: A 5-year-old girl presented with a skin-colored mass above her right clavicle since birth. Physical examination revealed a pea-sized mass positioned above the right clavicle. Case 2 and case 3 were a 3-month-old female infant and a 4-month-old male infant, respectively. Both of their parents complained that the masses gradually increased in front of the neck. Histopathologically, all of the three cases showed cartilage beneath the subcutaneous tissue. All cases were diagnosed as cervical auricles.

The effects of Antimicrobial Peptides and Hyaluronic Acid compound mask on wound healing after ablative fractional Carbon Dioxide laser resurfacing.

Background: Fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing (FxCR) is a routine treatment of Dermatology while many patients suffered the damage of skin barrier function after FxCR. Objective: To evaluate the benefits of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and hyaluronic acid (HA) compound mask on wound healing after FxCR on human and mouse skin. Methods: Twenty-four subjects were treated with FxCR on the bilateral cheeks. AMPs and HA compound mask was applied on the FxCR-treated area of left cheek. The erythema index (EI), melanin index (MI), transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of FxCR-treated areas on both cheeks were measured. By HE staining, immunohistostaing and western blotting, we analyzed epidermal thickness, FLG, IVL expression and protein levels of cramp in FxCR treated dorsal mice skin. Results: The EI, MI, and TEWL in the AMPs and HA compound mask-treated area of left cheek were significantly lower than those in the untreated area of right cheek. Topically application of AMPs and HA compound mask reduced thickening of mouse skin and also result in an increase in the production of FLG, IVL and cramp. Conclusion: Application of AMPs and HA compound mask is an effective method for enhancing wound healing after FxCR, by reducing transient adverse effects such as erythema, hyperpigmentation, and increased TEWL.

Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids: Updated review.

Botulinum Toxin Type A is a potent neurotoxin that is produced by a gram-positive bacteria clostridium botulinum. Its utilization in the treatment of various medical condition has expanded over the years in both medical and esthetic uses. It is being preferred by most physicians due to its efficacy and lack of side effects. It can be used as monotherapy or combined therapy. The aim of this review study was to show the role and mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids. The clear mechanisms underlying hypertrophic scars and keloids are still not clearly understood; however, the mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin type A has been shown to include action on wound tension, action on collagen, and action on fibroblasts. Different randomized controlled trials, double-blind, and placebo-controlled studies have been conducted to investigate its use in treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids, and it still is one of the active areas of research in Dermatology and related fields. Method: In March 2018, we performed a literature search in PubMed for clinical studies, clinical trials, case reports, controlled trials, randomized controlled trials, and systemic reviews. The search terms we used were "BOTULINUM TOXIN" AND "HYPERTROPHIC SCARS" OR "KELOIDS" (from 1980). The search resulted in 1000 articles, out of these 35 articles met our inclusion exclusion criteria. Our inclusion criteria included relevant original articles relevant, critical systemic reviews, and crucial referenced articles, exclusion criteria included duplicates and articles not published in English language. We have reviewed these papers to show the role and mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids.

MG-132 treatment promotes TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in SEB-1 sebocytes.

AIMS: This study aimed to identify the mechanism of how MG-132 stimulates cell death in SEB-1 sebocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TUNEL staining and annexin-FITC/PI flow cytometry were utilized to examine the apoptotic cell number of SEB-1 sebocytes and HaCaT keratinocytes upon MG-132 and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) treatment. MTT assay and CCK-8 assay monitored the proliferative rate and viability of both cell lines with different treatment. Western blotting (WB) and qPCR were performed to detect the expression of TRAIL and members of Bcl-2 family at protein and gene level. Additionally, RNA interfering was used to knockdown the mRNA transcription of TRAIL and BIK gene. KEY FINDINGS: MG-132 treatment enhanced cell death in SEB-1 sebocytes but not in HaCaT keratinocytes. Meanwhile, TRAIL concentrations in SEB-1 sebocytes treated with MG-132 were markedly elevated. Furthermore, treatment with TRAIL or the TRAIL receptor-specific monoclonal antibody AY4 at various doses stimulated cell death in SEB-1 sebocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Silencing of TRAIL restored the cell viability of SEB-1 cells to a normal level after MG-132 treatment. Combined treatment of SEB-1 sebocytes with TRAIL and MG-132 synergistically triggered cell death, suppressed cell proliferation and survival, and promoted BIK expression. Furthermore, BCL2 Interacting Killer (BIK) knockdown via RNA interference participated in the recovery of cell survival reduced by treatment with TRAIL and MG-132. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that treatment with the selective proteasome suppressor MG-132 and TRAIL induces cell death in sebocytes through upregulation of BIK, a member of the Bcl-2 family.

A Comparative In Vivo Study on Three Treatment Approaches to Applying Topical Botulinum Toxin A for Crow's Feet.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of three treatment approaches to applying Botulinum Toxin Type A (BoNTA) for crow's Feet. METHODS: Thirty female subjects with moderate-to-severe crow's feet were included in this comparative in vivo study. They were randomly divided into three groups, including the local intramuscular, intradermal microdroplet injection, and nanomicroneedle delivered with BoNTA therapy group. After one session, evaluations were done at the time points of weeks one, four, and twelve after the treatment. The assessments included subjective satisfaction, blinded clinical assessment, and the biophysical parameters (skin collagen content, elasticity, hydration, and sebum contents). RESULTS: For dynamic wrinkles, intramuscular injection and intradermal microdroplets injection were more effective than nanomicroneedles. For static wrinkles, nanomicroneedles and intradermal microdroplets injection were more effective. However, the intramuscular injection had no significant effect on static wrinkles. At one week and four weeks after the treatment, the skin elasticity, collagen content, and hydration of nanomicroneedle group and intradermal microdroplet group increased more significantly than those of the intramuscular injection group; at twelve weeks after the treatment, the skin elasticity, collagen content, and hydration of intradermal microdroplet group were higher than those of other two groups. However we observed no statistically significant difference in sebum content between the three groups before and after the treatment. CONCLUSION: BoNTA delivered through nanomicroneedles and intradermal microdroplets injection can effectively treat crow's feet. This trial is registered with [2016]KY018-01, registered 16 Feb 2016.

Corrigendum to "Protective Effects of Soy Oligopeptides in Ultraviolet B-Induced Acute Photodamage of Human Skin".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2016/5846865.].

Combined effects of long-pulsed neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, diprospan and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of keloid scars.

Keloids are benign tumors that originate from scar tissues, but they usually overgrow beyond the original wounds. In a three-month single-center clinical trial, 69 patients were randomly divided into three groups. Patients in group 1 were treated with intralesional injection of diprospan (2 mg betamethasone disodium phosphate and 5 mg betamethasone dipropionate in 1 ml) with one-month intervals for three months. Patients in groups 2 and 3 were injected with a combination of 0.5 ml 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 25 mg/ml) and diprospan as above for three months also. Prior to each injection, the keloids of patients in group 3 were additionally irradiated by a 1,064-nm neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser with a single pulse at an energy density of 90-100 J/cm2 and a pulse width of 12 msec. Clinical responses were evaluated by patient self-assessment and overall assessment by an observer according to the clinical signs of erythema, pruritus and pliability. A total of sixty-two patients completed the tests of the present study. At 2 and 3 months, the patients in all treatment groups showed an acceptable improvement in nearly all measurements. At the end of the study, the erythema and toughness score was significantly reduced and itch reduction was significantly greater in the diprospan + 5-FU + Nd:YAG group when compared to those in the other groups (P<0.05 for all indexes). The acceptable responses (good to excellent improvements) reported by blinded observers were as follows: 12% in the diprospan group, 48% in the diprospan + 5-FU group and 69% in the diprospan + 5-FU + Nd:YAG group. All of the results indicated that the combination of diprospan + 5-FU + Nd:YAG was the most efficacious therapy for keloid scars.

The self-recovery of facial skin barrier and erythema after nanochip treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of acute skin damage and the time required for the recovery of facial skin barrier function after the skin was treated with micro-needles and nanochips of various tip lengths. METHODS: For this split face comparative study, a total of 16 subjects were enrolled and randomly divided into 2 groups. In the first group, one of the facial side of each subject was treated with 0.25-mm long nanotips for a total of 6 times while the other facial side was treated with 0.25-mm traditional micro-needles with a straight blade for a total of 6 times. In the second group, one of the facial side was treated with 0.5-mm nanotips for a total of 6 times while the other facial side was treated with 0.5-mm traditional micro-needles with a straight blade for a total of 6 times. Evaluations for trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and erythema were carried out at baseline, 0, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the treatment. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in TEWL, skin hydration and erythema between the two facial sides of the subjects in the Group one who were treated with 0.25 mm nanochips and traditional micro-needles. However, in the subjects of the Group two, the mean TEWL of the facial side treated with 0.5 mm nanochips was relatively lower than that of the 0.5 mm traditional micro-needles treated facial side at 0, 4, 8 and 24 hours after the treatment. Mean erythema of the facial side treated with 0.5-mm nanochips micro-needles was also relatively lower than that of the 0.5-mm traditional micro-needles treated facial side at 8 hours after the treatment. Rapid recovery of skin barrier function was observed within 4-8 hours after treatment with various lengths of nanochips while it took at least 48-72 hours for recovery of skin barrier function after treatment with various lengths of traditional micro-needles as measured by TEWL. CONCLUSION: The skin disruption caused by nanotips treatment recovers quicker than the traditional microneedle treatment at equal lengths.

The efficacy of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser combined with terbinafine hydrochloride 1% cream for the treatment of onychomycosis.

BACKGROUND: Although systemic and topical antifungal agents are widely used to treat onychomycosis, oral medications can cause adverse effects and the efficacy of topical agents is not satisfying. Currently, laser treatment has been studied for its efficacy in the treatment of onychomycosis. Our study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser treatment combined with terbinafine cream for 6 months in the treatment of onychomycosis and to analyze the influencing factors. METHODS: A total of 30 participants (124 nails) with clinical and mycological diagnosis of onychomycosis received fractional CO2 laser treatment at 2-week interval combined with terbinafine cream once daily for 6 months. The clinical efficacy rate (CER) was assessed from the percentage of fully normal-appearing nails or nails with ≤5% abnormal appearance, and the mycological clearance rate (MCR) was assessed from the percentage of nails with negative fungal microscopy. RESULTS: The CER was evaluated at 3 time points: at the end of treatment (58.9%), at 1 month after the last treatment (63.5%), and at 3 months after the last treatment (68.5%). The MCRs at 1 month and 3 months after the last treatment were 77.4 and 74.2%, respectively. The evaluation of influencing factors showed significantly higher CER (p < 0.05) in nails of participants with age <50 years, distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO), superficial white onychomycosis (SWO), nail thickness <2 mm, affected first-to-fourth finger/toenails, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. All participants experienced tolerable mild burning sensation during laser treatment, but there were no other adverse reactions reported. CONCLUSIONS: Fractional CO2 laser treatment combined with terbinafine cream for 6 months was an effective and safe method for the treatment of onychomycosis. There were 5 factors that positively influenced the treatment outcome: age, clinical type of onychomycosis, nail thickness, involved nail, and species of fungus.

The Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type A on Expression Profiling of Long Noncoding RNAs in Human Dermal Fibroblasts.

Objective. This study was aimed at analyzing the expressions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Botulinum Toxin Type A (BoNTA) treated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) in vitro. Methods. We used RNA sequencing to characterize the lncRNAs and mRNAs transcriptome in the control and BoNTA treated group, in conjunction with application of GO (gene ontology) analysis and KEGG (kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) analysis to delineate the alterations in gene expression. We also obtained quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to confirm some differentially expressed genes. Results. Numerous differentially expressed genes were observed by microarrays between the two groups. qRT-PCR confirmed the changes of six lncRNAs (RP11-517C16.2-001, FR271872, LOC283352, RP11-401E9.3, FGFR3P, and XXbac-BPG16N22.5) and nine mRNAs (NOS2, C13orf15, FOS, FCN2, SPINT1, PLAC8, BIRC5, NOS2, and COL19A1). Farther studies indicated that the downregulating effect of BoNTA on the expression of FGFR3P was time-related and the dosage of BoNTA at a range from 2.5 U/106 cells to 7.5 U/106 cells increased the expression of FGFR3P and COL19A1 in HDFs as well. Conclusion. The expression profiling of lncRNAs was visibly changed in BoNTA treated HDFs. Further studies should focus on several lncRNAs to investigate their functions in BoNTA treated HDFs and the underlying mechanisms.

The efficacy of intradermal injection of type A botulinum toxin for facial rejuvenation.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy for effectiveness of type A botulinum toxin intradermal injection for facial rejuvenation. Forty female subjects were randomly divided into two groups: BoNTA group and control group. In BoNTA group, each subject's facial skin was treated with intradermal injection of BoNTA, and subjects of the control group were treated with intradermal saline solution injection. Subjects receiving one session of treatment and evaluations were conducted at baseline, four weeks, and twelve weeks after treatment. The outcome assessments included subjective satisfaction scale; blinded clinical assessment; and the biophysical parameters of roughness, elasticity, skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, and melanin index. BoNTA group showed higher physician's global assessment score, subject satisfaction score, roughness, skin hydration, skin elasticity, and lower TEWL compared to that of control group at 12 weeks post-treatment. No significant difference was found among erythema and melanin index at baseline, four, and twelve weeks after treatment among the two major groups. In conclusion, intradermal BoNTA injection can be considered as an effective method for facial rejuvenation.

The efficacy of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser combined with luliconazole 1% cream for the treatment of onychomycosis: A randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser combined with luliconazole 1% cream for the treatment of onychomycosis and to compare it with that of fractional CO2 laser alone. METHODS: This was a randomized, parallel group, 2-arm, positive-controlled, single-center, superiority trial with a 1:2 allocation ratio. Sixty patients with clinical and mycological diagnosis of onychomycosis were enrolled from the Dermatology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University in Nanjing, China from March 2015 to May 2015. Patients were randomized following simple randomization procedures (computerized random number generator) into 2 groups; L group only received 12 sessions of laser treatment at 2-week interval for 6 months, while L + D group received 12 sessions of laser treatment at 2-week interval combined with luliconazole 1% cream once daily for 6 months. This was not a blind trial. The main outcome measures were the clinical efficacy rate (CER) assessed from the percentage of fully and >60% normal-appearing nails and the mycological clearance rate (MCR) assessed from the percentage of nails with negative fungal microscopy. There were no changes to trial outcome measures after the trial commenced. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients (N = 233 nails) completed treatments and follow-up, and were randomized and divided into 2 groups: L group (31 patients, N = 108 nails) and L + D group (29 patients, N = 115 nails). The CER and MCR of L + D group were 69.6% and 57.4%, respectively. L + D group showed significantly higher CER (69.6% vs 50.9%; χ = 8.1, P = 0.004) and MCR (57.4% vs 38.9%; χ = 7.6, P = 0.006) compared with those in L group. Some patients experienced mild pain during laser treatment, but there was no bleeding or oozing during or after treatment. There were no adverse effects reported during the observation period. CONCLUSION: Fractional CO2 laser treatment combined with 1% luliconazole cream for 6 months was an effective and safe method for the treatment of onychomycosis, and had a higher efficacy than fractional CO2 laser treatment alone.

Hesperidin ameliorates UV radiation-induced skin damage by abrogation of oxidative stress and inflammatory in HaCaT cells.

Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation contributes to skin photoaging. Hesperidin which is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruit peels, have been intensively studied for their UVA-protective activity, but its effects and mechanisms on UVA irradiation-induced inflammation and oxidative stress have never been described. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of hesperidin in skin oxidative stress and inflammation induced by UVA irradiation. In this study, we firstly examined whether hesperidin may exert direct protective effects on the UVA-induced in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell injury in vitro. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) were measured by using a commercially available kits. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and ELISA were used to determine messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6. UVA significantly decreased the cell viability (P<0.05). In our study, hesperidin (220µg/ml) significantly reduced UVA-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response. In conclusion, hesperidin treatment effectively protected HaCaT keratinocytes from these UVA radiation-induced skin injuries, suggesting that the underlying mechanism involves the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacities, it is possible to be used as a sunscreen agent.