ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Skin type has a strong influence on how sensitive skin develops, with oily skin accounting for a larger proportion of sensitive skin. However, there has not been a scientifically sound questionnaire for determining oily sensitive (OS)-type skin in prior studies. OBJECTIVES: In order to identify OS-type skin in the general population, we therefore intend to create an OS-type skin evaluation questionnaire, develop various thresholds through data analysis and classify skin based on two dimensions of sensitivity and oiliness. METHODS: A questionnaire with questions regarding subjects' basic information, skin oiliness and skin sensitivity was given to each individual who participated in the study (n = 1297). To define the thresholds for OS-type skin, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated. The results of the lactic acid stinging test (LAST) and noninvasive instrument information obtained were compared with the thresholds mentioned above to verify the effectiveness of this tool. RESULTS: According to the ROC curves, questionnaire cut-off values of 11.5, 20.5 and 29.5 can be used to detect mildly, moderately and severely sensitive skin, respectively. In addition, the questionnaire cut-off values of 22.5 and 31.5 can be used to detect moderately and severely oily skin, respectively. According to our study, the four sensitive-skin groups' LAST scores differed significantly from one another, while the skin sebum levels differed significantly between the three oily groups. Additionally, the EI and LAST scores were significantly correlated with skin sensitivity levels, whereas sebum, moisture and EI were positively correlated with skin oiliness levels. CONCLUSIONS: We developed an OS-type skin evaluation questionnaire that has been tested and shown scientifically to be a promising method for evaluating OS-type skin and to completely examine the traits of sensitive and oily skin.
CONTEXTE: Le type de peau a une forte influence sur la sensibilité de la peau, avec une peau grasse représentant une plus grande proportion de peaux sensibles. Cependant, il n'y a pas eu de questionnaire scientifiquement fiable pour déterminer le type de peau sensible grasse (OS) dans les études antérieures. OBJECTIFS: Afin d'identifier la peau grasse et sensible dans la population générale, nous avons donc l'intention de créer un questionnaire d'évaluation de la peau grasse et sensible, d'élaborer différents seuils par l'analyse des données et de catégoriser à partir de deux dimensions de sensibilité et d'état huileux. MÉTHODES: Un questionnaire comprenant des questions sur les informations de base des sujets, la sécrétion de sébum de la peau et la sensibilité cutanée a été distribué à chaque individu ayant participé à l'étude (n = 1297). Pour définir les seuils des peaux grasse et sensible, des courbes sensibilité/spécificité (receiver-operating characteristic, ROC) ont été générées. Les résultats du test de picotement à l'acide lactique (LAST) et les informations obtenues à l'aide d'instruments non invasifs ont été comparés aux seuils mentionnés ci-dessus pour vérifier l'efficacité de cet outil. RÉSULTATS: Selon les courbes ROC, des valeurs limites du questionnaire de 11,5, 20,5 et 29,5 peuvent être utilisées pour détecter une sensibilité cutanée légère, modérée et sévère, respectivement. De plus, les valeurs de seuil du questionnaire de 22,5 et 31,5 peuvent être utilisées pour détecter respectivement une peau modérément et sévèrement grasse. Selon notre étude, les scores LAST des quatre groupes à peau sensible différaient significativement les uns des autres, tandis que les taux de sébum cutané différaient significativement entre les trois groupes à peau grasse. De plus, les scores IE et LAST étaient significativement corrélés avec les taux de sensibilité cutanée, tandis que le sébum, l'humidité et l'IE étaient positivement corrélés avec les taux de graisse cutané. CONCLUSIONS: Nous avons développé un questionnaire d'évaluation de la peau grasse et sensible qui a été testé et qui s'est avéré scientifiquement être une méthode prometteuse pour évaluer la peau grasse et sensible et pour examiner complètement les caractéristiques de la peau sensible et grasse.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation of coronin-1 and mycolic acid (MA)-induced foam cell formation of macrophages and explore its possible mechanism. METHODS: According to the difference of coronin-1 expression level, the experiment included three types of cells: RAW264.7-Cor.Plus, RAW264.7 and RAW264.7-Cor.Minus. After the cells were treated with the polystyrene microspheres coated with 100 µg/mL MA for 24 hours, total proteins were extracted and the level of coronin-1 in each group was detected by Western blotting. With the microspheres coated with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/mL MA as phagocytic particles, the cells were swallowed for 24, 48, 72 hours, 5 and 8 days before and after the treatment with 2 µmol/L cytochalasin D (ctyD), and the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and free cholesterol (FC) were tested by TC enzyme kit and FC enzyme kit, respectively; then the cholesterol ester (CE) and the CE/TC ratio were used to quantitatively evaluate the level of foam cell formation. The ctyD-treated cells (RAW264.7-ctyD, RAW264.7-ctyD-MA) and their control groups were stained with FITC-phalloidin, and then the percentage of F-actin rearrangement was calculated. RESULTS: After MA induction, the coronin-1 level of the three experimental groups were significantly higher than that of the corresponding control groups, and there was also obvious difference between the three experimental groups (RAW264.7-Cor.Plus>RAW264.7>RAW264.7-Cor.Minus). The level of foam cell formation of macrophages in each group with different coronin-1 level was positively correlated with the MA coating concentration and its phagocytic time. The highest coronin-1 expression group (RAW264.7-Cor.Plus) had the highest foam cell formation level, and the lowest coronin-1 expression group (RAW264.7-Cor.Minus) had the lowest foam cell formation level. The inhibition of F-actin by ctyD significantly decreased the foam cell formation induced by MA, but the inhibition of F-actin had no significant impact on the positive correlation between coronin-1 and the foam cell formation induced by MA. After phalloidin staining, the F-actin rearrangement rate of MA-treated cells was significantly higher than that of non-MA control cells. CONCLUSION: MA could induce the expression of coronin-1 of macrophage, and the coronin-1 level was positively correlated with the foam cell formation induced by MA. F-actin was involved in the process of lipid accumulation in MA-treated macrophages, but the F-actin was not the key or the only way in coronin-1 regulating the foam cell formation induced by MA.
