Global incidence pattern and factors associated with common cutaneous reactions related to COVID-19 vaccination of 2.55 million participants in real-world settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Understanding the incidence pattern of cutaneous reactions is crucial for promoting COVID-19 vaccination. We aimed to report the global incidence pattern of, and factors associated with common cutaneous reactions related to COVID-19 vaccination in real-world settings. Methods: We searched five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang) from inception to May 13, 2022, for studies reporting the incidence of common cutaneous reactions related to COVID-19 vaccines in real-world settings. The outcomes were the systematic skin reactions (rash and urticaria) and the local injection site reactions (pain, swelling, redness, and erythema). We conducted random-effects meta-analyses and explored associated factors using multi-step statistical analyses. Results: We included 35 studies and assessed 2 549 968 participants from 23 countries. The pooled incidence of overall systemic skin reactions was 3.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.4%-5.5%) with short duration (about one week). Specifically, the pooled incidence rates of rash and urticaria were 3.0% (95% CI = 2.1%-3.9%) and 1.1% (95% CI = 0.7%-1.5%), respectively. For overall local injection site reactions, the pooled incidence was 72.4% (95% CI = 65.7%-78.7%) with short duration (1 to 4.5 days). Except for local pain (72.2%, 95% CI = 65.3%-78.5%), other localized reactions had low incidence, including swelling (13.3%, 95% CI = 9.5%-17.7%), redness (11.5%, 95% CI = 5.7%-19.0%), and erythema (5.8%, 95% CI = 0.7%-15.4%). Geographically, different distribution patterns were observed for these reactions. Regarding associated factors, mRNA vaccines showed lower incidence of urticaria (P < 0.001). Asia population showed higher incidence of urticaria (P < 0.001). We observed lower incidence rates of overall local injection site reactions and pain among inactivated vaccines (P < 0.001). We found no significant difference among reactions between the first and the second dose of vaccines. Conclusions: We examined the global incidence pattern of common cutaneous reactions related to COVID-19 vaccination and found low incidence and short duration of systemic skin reactions and local injection site reactions (except for pain); discrepancies in these reactions were observed across different vaccine types. The cutaneous side effects related to COVID-19 vaccination do not seem to cause concern. Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42021258012.

Duration of Diabetes, Glycemic Control, and Risk of Heart Failure Among Adults With Diabetes: A Cohort Study.

CONTEXT: The influences of diabetes duration and glycemic control and their potential interplays on the risk of heart failure (HF) remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to investigate the association of diabetes duration and glycemic control with the risk of HF. METHODS: A total of 23 754 individuals with diabetes but without HF during the baseline recruitment of UK Biobank were included in this study. Duration of diabetes was self-reported, and the status of glycemic control was reflected by glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Their associations with incident HF were assessed using multivariate Cox models adjusting for traditional risk factors. RESULTS: Duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels both were positively associated with the risk of HF. The hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CI) for diabetes durations of 5 to less than 10, 10 to less than 15, and 15 years or more were 1.09 (0.97-1.23), 1.13 (0.97-1.30), and 1.32 (1.15-1.53), respectively (vs < 5 years); and the HRs for HbA1c of 53.0 to less than 58.5 mmol/mol (7.0% to < 7.5%), 58.5 to less than 63.9 mmol/mol (7.5% to < 8.0%), and 63.9 mmol/mol or greater (8.0%) were 1.15 (1.02-1.31), 1.07 (0.91-1.26), and 1.46 (1.30-1.65), respectively (vs < 53.0 mmol/mol [7.0%]). Individuals with the longest disease duration (≥ 15 years) and poorer glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 63.9 mmol/mol [8.0%]) had a particularly higher risk of HF (P for interaction = .026). CONCLUSION: The risk of HF among individuals with diabetes increases with a longer duration of diabetes and increasing HbA1c levels. This finding may contribute to the individualized prevention of HF in patients with diabetes if being considered in clinical practices and policy-making.

Association of age at first birth and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in women: evidence from the NHANES.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have suggested that age at first birth (AFB) is inversely associated with metabolic diseases, but positively associated with liver cancer in women. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a canonical example of metabolic dysfunction and inflammation-based liver disease, while the association between AFB and the risk of NAFLD remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between AFB and the odds of NAFLD in women. METHODS: Women older than 20 years at the time of the survey were analyzed using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2018 in the US. AFB was obtained with self-administered questionnaires. NAFLD was diagnosed as fatty liver index (FLI) ≥ 60. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the 12,188 women included in this study, 5670 (46.5%) had NAFLD. Compared to individuals with AFB of 30-32 years old (reference group), the fully adjusted ORs and 95% CI in women with AFB < 18, 18-20, 21-23, and 24-26 years were 1.52 (95% CI 1.14, 2.03), 1.60 (95% CI 1.21, 2.11), 1.40 (95% CI 1.06, 1.84), and 1.33 (95% CI 1.01-1.76), respectively. Yet there was no significant difference between AFB of 27-29, 33-35, or > 35 years compared to the reference group. CONCLUSIONS: Women with younger AFB have higher odds of NAFLD in later life. Policymakers should consider focusing on those with earlier AFB for screening and prevention of NAFLD.

[Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Air Quality and Influencing Factors in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020].

Based on the daily monitoring data of urban air quality in Shandong province from 2016 to 2020, combined with socio-economic data such as population density and urbanization rate, as well as meteorological data such as wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity, the methods of geographic weighted regression (GWR), multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR), and wavelet analysis were comprehensively applied to explore the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of air pollutants and their relationship with socio-economic and meteorological elements. The results showed that:① In the past five years, the air quality in Shandong province has shown an overall improvement trend. Except for ozone, the concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 decreased annually. Additionally, their distribution had obvious spatial differences, which was reflected in the lower concentration of air pollutants in coastal areas. ② PM2.5 in Shandong province had an extremely significant positive correlation with population density and the proportion of secondary industry (P<0.01) but had a very negative correlation with urbanization rate (P<0.01). Moreover, there were scale differences in the spatial relationship. The spatial relationship between population density, civil vehicle volume, industrial power consumption, and PM2.5 was relatively stable, whereas the spatial heterogeneity of the impact of urbanization rate and the proportion of secondary industry on PM2.5 concentration was high. ③ Meteorological factors had different effects on PM2.5 in Heze and Weihai. PM2.5 in Heze had a stronger correlation with air temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine hours, whereas sea land breeze prevailed in Weihai, resulting in a higher correlation between PM2.5 and wind speed. ④ Wavelet analysis showed that the frequency of air pollution in Heze was higher than that in Weihai, approximately one-two weeks/time in winter. In the annual cycle, the PM2.5 in Heze lagged behind the wind speed, whereas the PM2.5 and wind speed in Weihai were in the same phase. To summarize, there were obvious temporal and spatial differences in air quality in Shandong province, which was comprehensively affected by socio-economic and meteorological factors.

Effect of Helicobacter Pylori Eradication on Human Gastric Microbiota: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major risk factor for gastric cancer and eradication of H. pylori is recommended as an effective gastric cancer prevention strategy. The infected individuals show microbial dysbiosis of gastric microbiota. In recent years, agrowing number of studies have focused on gastric microbiota changes following H. pylori eradication. In the present study, we aim to evaluate the influence of successful H. pylori eradication on the short-term and long-term alterations of human gastric microbiota using a method of systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We did a systematic search based on three databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science) in November 2021. Additional articles were also identified by reviewing references cited in the included papers. Human studies that reported changes in gastric microbiota following successful H. pylori eradication were enrolled. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021293796. Results: In total, nine studies enrolling 546 participants were included. Regarding quadruple therapy, alpha diversity indexes increased within 1 month after eradication; significant differences in gastric microbial community structure between before and after eradication were also seen within 1 month. The trends of the above-mentioned diversity changes persisted with a follow-up of 6 months. The microbial composition altered significantly after eradication and the relative abundance of H. pylori-related taxa decreased. Accordingly, gastric commonly dominant commensals were enriched. Bioinformatic analyses of microbiota functions showed that bacteria reproduction-related pathways were down-regulated and pathways of gastric acid secretion, etc. were up-regulated. For triple therapy, similar trends of alpha diversity and beta diversity changes were observed in the short-term and long-term follow-up. Also, after eradication, H. pylori was not the gastric dominant bacteria and similar changes in gastric microbial composition were found. For gastric microbial interactions, a decrease in microbial interactions was seen after eradication. Additionally, regarding whether successful H. pylori eradication could restore gastric microbiota to uninfected status, the results remain controversial. Conclusion: In conclusion, successful H. pylori eradication could reverse the gastric microbiota dysbiosis and show beneficial effects on gastric microbiota. Our findings may provide new insight for exploring the role of H. pylori and the whole gastric microbiota in gastric carcinogenesis.

Regional Differences in the Ratio of Observed and Expected In-hospital Mortality for Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients in China: The Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China-Acute Coronary Syndrome Project Analysis.

Previous studies reported regional variations in in-hospital acute coronary syndrome (ACS) mortality, but the reasons for that were not clearly defined. We explored whether differences in patient characteristics could explain regional variation. The Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China (CCC)-ACS project is an ongoing national registry and quality improvement project, involving 150 tertiary hospitals from 30 provinces across China. We applied a prediction model that included patient-specific variables to calculate the expected in-hospital mortality. For each province, we reported the observed, expected in-hospital mortality and the risk-adjusted ratio which is based on the observed divided by the expected mortality. From 2014 to 2018, 79 585 ACS patients were enrolled. The average in-hospital mortality was 1.8%. There was a wide variation in the in-hospital mortality among different provinces (0.2-3.9%). Patient characteristics explained part of this variation because of differences in the expected in-hospital mortality (0.7-2.8%). There was a substantial variation in the risk-adjusted ratio among provinces (0.2-3.5), which suggests that the variations in the mortality cannot be completely explained by the differences in patient characteristics. In conclusion, we observed a wide regional variation in mortality for ACS, part of which could be explained by the difference in patient characteristics.

Gastric microbiota in gastric cancer: Different roles of Helicobacter pylori and other microbes.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The gastric microbiota plays a critical role in the development of GC. First, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is considered a major risk factor for GC. However, recent studies based on microbiota sequencing technology have found that non-H. pylori microbes also exert effects on gastric carcinogenesis. Following the infection of H. pylori, gastric microbiota dysbiosis could be observed; the stomach is dominated by H. pylori and the abundances of non-H. pylori microbes reduce substantially. Additionally, decreased microbial diversity, alterations in the microbial community structure, negative interactions between H. pylori and other microbes, etc. occur, as well. With the progression of gastric lesions, the number of H. pylori decreases and the number of non-H. pylori microbes increases correspondingly. Notably, H. pylori and non-H. pylori microbes show different roles in different stages of gastric carcinogenesis. In the present mini-review, we provide an overview of the recent findings regarding the role of the gastric microbiota, including the H. pylori and non-H. pylori microbes, in the development of GC.

The screening research of anti-inflammatory bioactive markers from different flowering phases of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae.

Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (FLJ) is an important cash crop in eastern Asia, and it is an anti-inflammatory Traditional Chinese Medicine. There are large variations in the quality of the marketed FLJ products. To find marker ingredients useful for quality control, a tandem technology integrating ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF), principal component analysis (PCA), heat map analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis coupled with a NF-κB luciferase reporter gene assay were used to identify the different ingredients from the green bud, white bud, flowering stage and leaf stages, as well as to screen the anti-inflammatory activity of FLJ compositions. As flowering progressed, the anti-inflammatory effects of FLJ gradually decreased; however, chlorogenic acid, swertiamarin and sweroside should be used to evaluate the quality of FLJ products.