Tyrosine to threonine ratio was related to heart failure with reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction.

AIMS: We aim to explore the associations between serum tyrosine (Tyr) to threonine (Thr) ratio and chronic heart failure (HF) with reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction (EF) (HFrEF or HFmrEF). METHODS AND RESULTS: The study recruited 418 subjects (77.5% males, mean age 65.2 ± 12.5 years), including 318 HF subjects (HFrEF or HFmrEF) and 100 cardiovascular subjects without acute or chronic HF [including heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)] as controls. Serum levels of 21 kinds of amino acids (AAs) were measured by mass spectrometry. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to measuring the association between the AAs levels and the presence of HF. Event-free survival was determined by Kaplan-Meier curves and differences in survival were assessed using log-rank tests. Cox regression analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of AAs in HF. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to further confirm regression analysis. Along with the control, HFmrEF, and HFrEF subjects, serum tyrosine (Tyr) gradually increased (64.43 ± 15.28 µmol/L vs. 71.79 ± 18.74 µmol/L vs. 77.32 ± 25.90 µmol/L, P < 0.001) while serum threonine (Thr) decreased (165.21 ± 40.09 µmol/L vs. 144.93 ± 44.56 µmol/L vs. 135.25 ± 41.25 µmol/L, P < 0.001). Tyr/Thr ratio was the independent risk factor for the presence of HF in all subjects [odds ratio (OR), 3.510; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.445-5.040; P < 0.001]. After following up for a mean year (11.10 ± 2.80 months) in 269 HF subjects (75.1% males, mean age 65.2 ± 12.8 years), the higher Tyr/Thr ratio was associated with a higher risk of HF endpoint events in HF subjects [hazard ratio (HR), 2.901; 95% CI: 1.228-6.851; P = 0.015]. By comparing the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC), Tyr/Thr ratio was superior to Fischer's ratio (FR) in predicting HF occurrence (0.767:0.573, P < 0.001) or cardiovascular (CV) death (0.715:0.550, P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating elevated Tyr/Thr ratio confer an increased risk for the presence of HF and poor prognosis. Tyr/Thr index outweighs FR index in predicting HF occurrence or CV death.

Clinical significance of pain in patients with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of studies investigating the clinical and biochemical characteristics of pain in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. This study aimed to determine the clinical and biochemical characteristics and outcomes in Chinese patients with CHF and symptoms of pain. METHODS: Sociodemographics, serum levels of creatinine, NT-proBNP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, and two-dimensional echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were determined in 305 patients with CHF. A questionnaire packet including the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) was used to assess the degree of pain rated on a 0 - 10 scale and the quality of life (QOL). A six-minute walking test was performed during routine clinic visits. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were recorded; including all-cause or cardiac mortality and rehospitalization because of myocardial infarction, worsening heart failure or stroke at follow-up. RESULTS: Pain occurred in 25.6% of CHF patients, and was more common when the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class was worse. More patients with pain were female in gender, and had more co-morbidities, lower LVEF, and shorter distance during the 6-minute walking test. Despite similar serum levels of creatinine, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), IL-6 and IL-10, the TNF-α levels were higher and MLHFQ scores were greater in CHF patients with pain. At follow-up, CHF patients with moderate to severe pain (≥ 4 scale) had higher rates of all-cause and cardiac mortality and rehospitalization because of myocardial infarction, worsening heart failure or stroke. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the presence of pain was an independent risk factor for MACE and reduced QOL in CHF patients. CONCLUSIONS: Pain occurs in all stages of the CHF trajectory, and its incidence increases as clinical functional status is worsened. The presence of pain exerts a negative impact on clinical outcome and QOL in patients with CHF.

Impact of potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias on long-term outcome in patients with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias (PLVAs) occur frequently in survivors after acute myocardial infarction and are increasingly recognized in other forms of structural heart diseases. This study investigated the prevalence and prognostic significance of PLVAs in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS: Data concerning demographics, etiology of heart failure, NYHA functional class, biochemical variables, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings, and medical treatments were collected by reviewing hospital medical records from 1080 patients with NYHA II-IV and a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction ≤ 45%. PLVAs were defined as multi-focal ventricular ectopy (> 30 beats/h on Holter monitoring), bursts of ventricular premature beats, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. All-cause mortality, sudden death, and rehospitalization due to worsening heart failure, or cardiac transplantation during 5-year follow-up after discharge were recorded. RESULTS: The occurrence rate of PLVAs in CHF was 30.2%, and increased with age; 23.4% in patients < 45 years old, 27.8% in those between 45 - 65 years old, and 33.5% in patients > 65 years old (P = 0.033). Patients with PLVAs had larger LV size and lower ejection fraction (both P < 0.01) and higher all-cause mortality (P = 0.014) during 5-year follow-up than those without PLVAs. Age (OR 1.041, 95%CI 1.004 - 1.079, P = 0.03) and LV end-diastolic dimension (OR 1.068, 95%CI 1.013 - 1.126, P = 0.015) independently predicted the occurrence of PLVAs. And PLVA was an independent factor for all-cause mortality (RR 1.702, 95%CI 1.017 - 2.848, P = 0.031) and sudden death (RR 1.937, 95%CI 1.068 - 3.516, P = 0.030) in patients with CHF. CONCLUSION: PLVAs are common and exert a negative impact on long-term clinical outcome in patients with CHF.