ABSTRACT
To construct circular barrier coverage (CBC) with multistatic radars, a deployment optimization method based on equipartition strategy is proposed in this paper. In the method, the whole circular area is divided into several sub-circles with equal width, and each sub-circle is blanketed by a sub-CBC that is built based on the multistatic radar deployment patterns. To determine the optimal deployment patterns for each sub-CBC, the optimization conditions are firstly studied. Then, to optimize the deployment of the whole circular area, a model based on minimum deployment cost is proposed, and the proposed model is divided into two sub-models to solve the optimization issue. In the inner model, it is assumed that the width of a sub-circle is given. Based on the optimization conditions of the deployment pattern, integer linear programming (ILP) and exhaustive method (EM) are jointly adopted to determine the types and numbers of deployment patterns. Moreover, a modified formula is introduced to calculate the maximum valid number of receivers in a pattern, thus narrowing the search scope of the EM. In the outer model, the width of a sub-circle is assumed to be a variable, and the EM is adopted to determine the minimum total deployment cost and the optimal deployment patterns on each sub-circle. Moreover, the improved formula is exploited to determine the range of width for a sub-circle barrier and reduce the search scope of the EM. Finally, simulations are conducted in different conditions to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method can spend less deployment cost and deploy fewer transmitters than the state-of-the-artwork.
ABSTRACT
To reduce the N2O emission from soil and enhance N utilization by crop, a field experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrapyrin-N fertilizer application rates (0, 180, 270, 360 kg N·hm-2) on soil N2O emission and N apparent loss, grain yield and N utilization of summer maize. Results showed that the soil N2O emission under different N fertilizer treatments mainly occurred in periods from sowing to seedling, and from jointing to tasseling. Soil N2O emission peaks were observed after basal and top dressing events. Maize yield increased with N fertilizer rates but there was no significant difference between 270 and 360 kg N·hm-2, and the net income of these two treatments was 5209 and 5426 yuan·hm-2, respectively. Compared with no N fertilizer treatment, the N uptake in the N fertilizer treatments was increased by 109.6%-134.1%. The treatment of 270 kg N·hm-2 had the highest agronomic N efficiency and N use efficiency, but the N apparent loss was low. The treatment with nitrapyrin-N fertilization rate of 270 kg N·hm-2 appeared to be the optimal rate to obtain high maize yield and N use efficiency, and low soil N2O emission and N apparent loss.
Subject(s)
Fertilizers , Nitrogen/metabolism , Nitrous Oxide/metabolism , Picolines/metabolism , Zea mays/metabolism , Seasons , Soil/chemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of membrane protein-based two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) in the investigations of chondrocyte-related diseases and its complementarity with total protein-based 2-DE. METHODS: Knee cartilage samples were obtained to isolate the chondrocytes with type II collagenase/hyaluronidase digestion. The membrane proteins and total proteins were extracted and loaded separately onto PH3.0-10.0 non-linear gel strip for 2-DE analysis. The qualities of membrane protein-based 2-DE gels were evaluated, and the difference between the distribution profiles of the membrane protein spots and that of the total protein were observed and their complementarities were evaluated. RESULTS: Membrane protein-based 2-DE generated high-quality gel images, and on each gel 412.3±13.5 protein spots were identified. These spots were distributed in the region of isoelectric point pH 5.0-9.0. In the gel images generated by the total proteins, 564.3±5.9 protein spots were identified in each image, and the spots were distributed in the region of isoelectric point pH 3.0-7.0. CONCLUSION: Membrane protein-based 2-DE of the chondrocytes can generate high-quality gel images, and the isoelectric distribution of the protein spots is complementary to that of total protein, which provides valuable information for chondrocyte-related diseases.
Subject(s)
Chondrocytes/chemistry , Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional/methods , Membrane Proteins/isolation & purification , Adult , Female , Humans , Isoelectric Point , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular mechanism of osteoarthritis (OA) through the differential expressed proteins of advanced osteoarthritic chondrocytes. METHODS: Normal articular cartilage (NAC, n = 22) were obtained from knee cartilage of donors without knee diseases and osteoarthritic cartilage (OAC, n = 17) from OA patients undergoing knee arthroplasty. Total protein was extracted from chondrocytes and loaded directly for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Gel images were analyzed with the software Imagemaster 2-D platinum3.0 to screen the differential expression protein spots. Target spots were excised and digested and the resulting peptides submitted for mass spectrometry analysis. Identities of differential expressed proteins were recognized through matching the peptide mass finger printing of each spot with NCBI protein database by MASCOT. RESULTS: About 1000 protein spots were presented in the 2-DE gels for each group. Thirty-five NAC spots and 31 OAC spots were confirmed to be differential expression protein spots. Among these spots, 19 proteins were identified by MASCOT, including type VI collagen, enzymes involved in collagen synthesis, shock related proteins and some novel proteins with unknown functions. CONCLUSION: The differential expressed proteins isolated and identified by the present study provide valuable information on various aspects of OA pathology. It may help us to gain new insights into the molecular mechanism of OA.
