ABSTRACT
Adequate distribution of mineral sulphur (S) nutrition to nodules mediated by sulphate transporters is crucial for nitrogen fixation in symbiosis establishment process. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the function of Early Senescent Nodule 2 (MtESN2), a gene crucial to nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula. Mutations in MtESN2 resulted in severe developmental and functional defects including dwarf shoots, early senescent nodules, and lower nitrogenase activity under symbiotic conditions compared to wild-type plants. MtESN2 encodes an M. truncatula sulphate transporter that is expressed only in roots and nodules, with the highest expression levels in the transition zone and nitrogen-fixing zone of nodules. MtESN2 exhibited sulphate transport activity when expressed in yeast. Immunolocalization analysis showed that MtESN2-yellow fluorescent protein fusion protein was localized to the plasma membranes of both uninfected and infected cells of nodules, where it might transport sulphate into both rhizobia-infected and uninfected cells within the nodules. Our results reveal an unreported sulphate transporter that contributes to effective symbiosis and prevents nodule early senescence in M. truncatula.
Subject(s)
Medicago truncatula , Nitrogen Fixation , Nitrogen Fixation/genetics , Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism , Medicago truncatula/genetics , Medicago truncatula/metabolism , Sulfate Transporters/genetics , Sulfate Transporters/metabolism , Symbiosis/genetics , Sulfates/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
A molecular probe with aggregation-induced phosphorescence (AIP) properties for calcium ion-specific detection and imaging in vivo was designed. The long-lived phosphorescence caused by calcium-triggered aggregation enables establishment of a first time-gated detection method for calcium ions and long-term imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana.
