ABSTRACT
Mitochondria have been identified to be involved in oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, cell death, and cell proliferation. Previous studies have demonstrated that mitoguardin (Miga), a mitochondrial protein that governs mitochondrial fusion, mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts, lipid formation, and autophagy, is crucial for ovarian endocrine and follicular development. Nevertheless, whether mammalian MIGA1 or MIGA2 (MIGA1,-2) regulates ovarian granulosa cell proliferation remains unclear. This study revealed that mammalian MIGA1,-2 promotes cell proliferation and regulates the phosphorylation and localization of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in ovarian granulosa cells. MIGA2 upregulation resulted in reduced YAP1 activity, while MIGA2 removal led to increased YAP1 activity. Further analysis indicated that MIGA1,-2 regulated YAP1 via the Hippo signaling pathway and regulated protein kinase B (AKT) activity in collaboration with YAP1. In addition, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) regulated MIGA2 expression and AKT activity by activating YAP1. Briefly, we demonstrated that the mitochondrial MIGA1 and MIGA2, especially MIGA2, promoted cellular proliferation by activating AKT and regulating the Hippo/YAP1 signaling pathway in ovarian granulosa cells, which may contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of reproductive endocrine diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Subject(s)
Membrane Proteins , Mitochondrial Proteins , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt , Animals , Female , Humans , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism , Cell Proliferation , Granulosa Cells/metabolism , Hippo Signaling Pathway , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism , Membrane Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
Reconstruction surgeries in the inguinal area are challenging for vascular surgeons, oncologists, orthopedists, and others. The pedicled sartorius flap is the most commonly used flap for reconstruction. The pedicled adductor longus is reported as a new method to reconstruct the inguinal region. The related anatomic study is rare. This work aims to make a comparison of pedicled adductor longus and pedicled sartorius on cadavers for better use. Out of the 12 thighs in the 6 cadavers analyzed, the author compares two surgical methods in terms of surgical details, exposure of vascular and nerve pedicle, flap harvesting, flap transposition and flap volume, etc. Through the course of this study, it is showed that the adductor longus flap had a sizable advantage over the sartorius flap in terms of exposure, harvesting, and flap volume.
