ABSTRACT
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Social disconnection has been associated with poor cardiometabolic health. This study sought to investigate the associations of social isolation and loneliness with diabetic microvascular complications (DMC) among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and compare these associations to those related to traditional risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: A total of 24,297 UK Biobank participants with T2DM and no DMC at baseline. EXPOSURE: Social isolation and loneliness measured using self-reported questionnaires. OUTCOME: The incidence of DMC defined as a composite of diabetic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, or diabetic neuropathy. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Multivariable cause-specific hazards regression. To compare the relative importance of social disconnection with other established factors, the R2 values of the Cox models were calculated. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 12.6 years, 5,530 patients were documented to develop DMC (3,458 with diabetic kidney disease, 2,255 with diabetic retinopathy, and 1,146 with diabetic neuropathy). The highest level of social isolation was associated with an increased risk of any DMC component (most vs. least: HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05-1.22), especially diabetic kidney disease (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.25) and neuropathy (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.11-1.53). Any level of loneliness was associated with an increased risk of any DMC component (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02-1.23) and diabetic kidney disease (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03-1.30). Social isolation and loneliness exhibited associations with DMC comparable to other conventional risk factors including smoking, blood pressure, and physical activity. LIMITATIONS: Limited generalizability related to the composition of participants in the UK Biobank Study. CONCLUSIONS: Social isolation and loneliness were independently associated with a higher risk of incident DMC among individuals with T2DM, with comparable importance to other traditional risk factors. These findings underscore social isolation and loneliness as novel and potentially modifiable risk factors for DMC.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The present meta-analysis examined the diagnostic accuracy of T2 Candida for candidiasis. METHODS: The literature databases, such as PubMed, Embase, DVIO, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and CNKI, were searched on T2 Candida detection. RESULTS: A total of 8 articles, comprising of 2717 research subjects, were included in the study. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.91 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88-0.94) and 0.94 95% CI: 0.93-0.95), respectively. The pooled positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio was 10.16 (95% CI: 2.75-37.50) and 0.08 (95% CI: 0.02-0.35), respectively. The combined diagnostic odds ratio is 133.65 95% CI: 17.21-1037.73), and the AUC of SROC is 0.9702 [(SE = 0.0235), Q* = 0.9201(SE = 0.0381)]. CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence supported that T2 Candida has high accuracy and sensitivity and is of major clinical significance in the diagnosis of Candida infection.
