ABSTRACT
The introduced pretreatment technology, WCCB (Washing + Calcination), was effective to reduce chlorides in fly ash by consuming relatively low energy for recycling fly ash as the raw material for cement industry. The washing conditions are: twice-washing, liquid/solid = 3, mixing speed = 150 r x min(-1), 1st mixing time = 5 min, and 2nd mixing time = 10 min. The original incinerator was used for the calcination process, 1 000 degrees C, 10% O2 and dwelling time of 1 hour were adopted. By adopting X-ray absorption near edge structure and X-ray diffraction, the behavior of chlorides was explained and NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 are the main form of chlorides existing in fly ash. The reagent used in the air pollution control system to neutralize the acid component in the discharged gas surely acted a very important role in the formation of chlorides. The insoluble chlorides in fly ash had a very similar structure as that of Friedel's salt, which was related with CaCl2.
Subject(s)
Chlorides/chemistry , Coal Ash/chemistry , Incineration , Refuse Disposal/methods , Chlorides/analysis , Chlorides/isolation & purification , Coal Ash/analysis , Construction Materials/analysis , Incineration/methods , Refuse Disposal/legislation & jurisprudence , Waste Management/legislation & jurisprudence , Waste Management/methodsABSTRACT
AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in symptoms and quality of life in people with puborectalis dyssynergia after biofeedback by using Short Form-36 and Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Questionnaire. BACKGROUND: Biofeedback is an effective treatment in clinical symptoms for puborectalis dyssynergia. However, little is known about the degree of the variation in the quality of life for these people after biofeedback. METHOD: Thirty-six people with puborectalis dyssynergia were studied between June 2006 and March 2008. A bowel symptom record, a generic quality of life measure - the Short Form-36 and a disease-specific measure - the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Questionnaire were recorded before and after biofeedback. FINDINGS: Thirty-one people rated their satisfaction with behavioural treatment as 'major' or 'fair' and substantial symptom improvements occurred. Before treatment, seven of Short Form-36 subscales (except bodily pain) were significantly lower in people with puborectalis dyssynergia than those in healthy individuals. Following treatment, all subcategories except general health showed improvement surpassing pretreatment baseline values and equalling those for normal. The total Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Questionnaire score also dramatically improved as did all subscales. The nurses continually encouraged the participants, increased participants' motivation and got good outcomes. CONCLUSION: Patient-centred functional status outcomes measured by general and disease-specific instruments give critical data, from which to inform patient management. The nurses should give psycho-social support and increase the participants' motivation during training.
Subject(s)
Anus Diseases/physiopathology , Anus Diseases/therapy , Ataxia/therapy , Constipation/therapy , Feedback, Physiological/physiology , Quality of Life , Adult , Aged , Ataxia/physiopathology , Constipation/etiology , Constipation/psychology , Female , Health Status , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Education as Topic , Patient Satisfaction , Pelvic Floor/physiopathology , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Rectum/physiopathology , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of biofeedback training on clinical symptom, psychological state and quality of life in patients with functional constipation (FC). METHODS: Forty-nine patients with FC diagnosed by Rome III were enrolled and received biofeedback training. Bowel symptom measure, Zung's self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS) and Chinese version of the MOS 36-item short form healthy survey (SF-36) were recorded to assess the effects before and after treatment. RESULTS: After biofeedback training, clinical symptom of patients with FC was greatly improved: there was a very significant decrease in total and subscales scores of bowel symptom including spontaneous frequency of bowel movements, straining effort, sensation of anorectal obstruction/blockage, stool consistency and bloating. Patients with FC also improved their quality of life as well as psychological status after biofeedback. All subcategories of SF-36 including general health, physical function, bodily pain, role physical, vitality, social function, role emotion and mental health showed marked increase. Compared to the scores before biofeedback training, SAS (41.0±8.1 vs 46.5±11.9) and SDS (44.0±8.2 vs 51.2±11.5) scores decreased significantly after biofeedback training. CONCLUSION: Biofeedback training can improve clinical symptom, psychological status and quality of life in patients with FC.
