Vortexing-generated high throughput single-cell droplets for facile analysis of multiplexed microRNA dynamic secretion.

Discriminating secretory phenotypes provides a direct, intact, and dynamic way to evaluate the heterogeneity in cell states and activation, which is significant for dissecting non-genetic heterogeneity for human health studies and disease diagnostics. In particular, secreted microRNAs, soluble signaling molecules released by various cells, are increasingly recognized as a critical mediator for cell-cell communication and the circulating biomarkers for disease diagnosis. However, single-cell analysis of secreted miRNAs is still lacking due to the limited available tools. Herein, we realized three-plexed miRNA secretion analysis over four time points from single cells encapsulated in picoliter droplets with extreme simplicity, coupling vortexing-generated single-cell droplets with multiplexed molecular beacons. Notably, our platform only requires pipetting and vortexing steps to finish the assay setup within 5 min with minimal training, and customized software was developed for automatic data quantification. Applying the platform to human cancer cell lines and primary cells revealed previously undifferentiated heterogeneity and paracrine signaling underlying miRNA secretion. This platform can be used to dissect secretion heterogeneity and cell-cell interactions and has the potential to become a widely used tool in biomedical research.

Genomic and epidemiological characterization of a blaCTX-M-27-carrying ST34 Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in China.

OBJECTIVES: Consuming contaminated food and water is a leading cause of food poisoning, with Salmonella being one of the primary culprits. The aim of this study is to elucidate the genomic characteristics of a blaCTX-M-27-carrying S. enterica strain recovered from a patient with diarrhoea in China. METHODS: Antimicrobial susceptibility of S. enterica strain 123 was determined by microdilution broth assay. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using both long-read MinION and short-read Illumina platforms to fully characterize the genetic structure of the blaCTX-M-27-carrying plasmid of the S. enterica 123. In silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST), antimicrobial resistance genes and genomic epidemiological analysis of 69 Salmonella strains carrying the blaCTX-M-27 gene stored in NCBI GenBank were further analysed by BacWGSTdb 2.0 server. RESULTS: The isolate was resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, aztreonam, azithromycin, but still susceptible to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, imipenem, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin. The complete genome sequence of Salmonella 123 is made up of one chromosome and three plasmids, which could be assigned as sequence type (ST)34. The blaCTX-M-27 gene was found in the 65 644 bp IncFII-type plasmid with IS26 and IS5 exist upstream of blaCTX-M-27 gene, and IS26 and IS1B are located downstream as a truncated fragment. The closest relative of Salmonella 123 was Salmonella strain La89, another ST34 strain recovered in 2011, which differed by only 52 SNPs. CONCLUSION: This study reports the complete genome of a blaCTX-M-27-carrying S. enterica that can be used for gaining insights into the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and dissemination patterns of the emerging pandemic lineage ST34.

Clostridium ramosum Bacteremia in an Immunocompetent Patient with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report.

We report a case of Clostridium ramosum bacteremia in a 73-year-old patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection and right lower abdominal tenderness in China. The microbiological features and genomic epidemiological characteristics of C. ramosum worldwide were investigated to identify the possible sources of infection. Whole-genome sequencing of C. ramosum WD-I2 was performed using an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Phylogenetic analysis of C. ramosum WD-I2 and other publicly available C. ramosum isolates was performed and visualized using the interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) web server. The resistome of C. ramosum WD-I2 consists of two antimicrobial resistance genes (tetM and ermB), which explains the antimicrobial resistance trait to tetracycline and macrolides. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain closest to our isolated strain WD-I2 was SUG1069, recovered from a pig feces sample from Canada, which differed by 589 SNPs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. ramosum bacteremia in China. Our findings highlight the potential risk of invasive C. ramosum infections during the COVID-19 pandemic.

TRIM55 inhibits colorectal cancer development via enhancing protein degradation of c-Myc.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal malignancies which including colon and rectum cancer. Tripartite motif containing 55 (TRIM55) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase belonging to the TRIM family. Although the aberrant TRIM55 expression has been implicated in several tumors, its functional role, and molecular mechanisms in CRC remain unknown. METHODS: Immunohistochemical studies, qRT-PCR, and Western blot were performed to analyze the expression of TRIM55 in CRC patients and cell lines. TRIM55 expression and its relevance to clinical traits and prognosis were further explored in the TCGA database, and in our 87 clinical samples. Subsequently, we performed a series of functional assays to explore the effect of TRIM55 on CRC progression. Finally, the molecular mechanism of TRIM55 was investigated by immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination analyses. RESULTS: Here, we demonstrated that TRIM55 was markedly downregulated in CRC cell lines and tumors from CRC patients. Moreover, overexpression of TRIM55 could suppress CRC cell growth in vitro and inhibit CRC xenograft tumor development in vivo. Additionally, TRIM55 overexpression dampened CRC cell migration and invasion. Further bioinformatics analysis indicated that TRIM55 suppressed cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression. Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that TRIM55 directly interacted with c-Myc and down-regulated its protein expression level via protein ubiquitination. Intriguingly, c-Myc overexpression partially antagonized the function of TRIM55 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings suggest that TRIM55 inhibits CRC tumor development via, at least in part, enhancing protein degradation of c-Myc. Targeting TRIM55 could provide a new therapeutic approach for CRC patients.

Deciphering Cell-Cell Interactions with Integrative Single-Cell Secretion Profiling.

Cell-cell interactions are the fundamental behaviors to regulate cellular activities. A comprehensive evaluation of intercellular interactions requires direct profiling of various signaling behaviors simultaneously at the single-cell level, which remains lacking. Herein, an integrative single-cell secretion analysis platform is presented to profile different secreted factors (four proteins, three extracellular vesicles (EV) phenotypes), spatial distances, and migration information (distances and direction) simultaneously from high-throughput paired single cells using an antibody-barcode microchip. Applying the platform to analyze the tumor-stromal and tumor-immune interactions with the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines and primary OSCC cells reveals that the initial distances between cells would determine their migratory distances and direction to approach stable organization. The cell-cell in close proximity enhances protein secretions while attenuating EV secretions. Migration has a more profound correlation with protein secretions than EV secretions, in which absolute migration distance affects protein secretions significantly but not the direction. These findings highlight the significance of spatial organization in regulating cell signaling behaviors and demonstrate that the integrative single-cell secretion profiling platform is well-suited for a comprehensive dissection of intercellular communication and interactions, providing new avenues for understanding cell-cell interaction biology and how different signaling behaviors coordinate within the tumor microenvironment.

A novel pupilloplasty in crescent-shaped suturing pattern for coloboma and traumatic iris defects.

OBJECTIVE: PURPOSE: To observe the safety and effect of the C-pupilloplasty for the treatment of iris coloboma and traumatic iris defects. METHODS: A total of 21 cases (21 eyes) with iris coloboma or traumatic iris defects who underwent C-pupilloplasty (a single-pass three-throw technique) from Feb. 2016 to Mar. 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Uncorrected visual acuity, refraction, corneal topographic keratometry and endothelial cell density were examined. RESULTS: All the patients were successfully treated, and a central and round pupil was restored. The mean follow-up duration was 8.76 ± 3.58 months (ranging from 2 to 14 months). All patients had round or round-like pupils with a diameter less than or equal to 3 mm after the C-pupilloplasty. Very slightly endothelial loss, negligible symptoms such as glare, distortion, dizziness and photophobia were observed. CONCLUSION: We introduced a new technique of pupilloplasty (C-pupilloplasty) which could be a more straight forward and more effective treatment for iris coloboma and traumatic iris defect.

E2F1 promotes cell cycle progression by stabilizing spindle fiber in colorectal cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: E2F1 is a transcription factor that regulates cell cycle progression. It is highly expressed in most cancer cells and activates transcription of cell cycle-related kinases. Stathmin1 and transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 (TACC3) are factors that enhance the stability of spindle fiber. METHODS: The E2F1-mediated transcription of transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 (TACC3) and stathmin1 was examined using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunoblotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and luciferase reporter. Protein-protein interaction was studied using co-IP. The spindle structure was shown by immunofluorescence. Phenotype experiments were performed through MTS assay, flow cytometry, and tumor xenografts. Clinical colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens were analyzed based on immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The present study showed that E2F1 expression correlates positively with the expression levels of stathmin1 and TACC3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, and that E2F1 transactivates stathmin1 and TACC3 in CRC cells. Furthermore, protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of stathmin1 at Ser16 is essential to the phosphorylation of TACC3 at Ser558, facilitating the assembly of TACC3/clathrin/α-tubulin complexes during spindle formation. Overexpression of Ser16-mutated stathmin1, as well as knockdown of stathmin1 or TACC3, lead to ectopic spindle poles including disorganized and multipolar spindles. Overexpression of wild-type but not Ser16-mutated stathmin1 promotes cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Consistently, a high level of E2F1, stathmin1, or TACC3 not only associates with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and distant metastasis, but predicts poor survival in CRC patients. CONCLUSIONS: E2F1 drives the cell cycle of CRC by promoting spindle assembly, in which E2F1-induced stathmin1 and TACC3 enhance the stability of spindle fiber.

Mapping secretome-mediated interaction between paired neuron-macrophage single cells.

Neuron-immune interaction through secreted factors contributes significantly to the complex microenvironment in the central nervous system that could alter cell functionalities and fates in both physiological and pathological conditions, which remains poorly characterized at the single-cell level. Herein, using a spatially patterned antibody barcode microchip, we realized the mapping of 12 different secretomes, covering cytokines, neurotrophic factors (NFs), and neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs) from high-throughput, paired single cells (≥ 600) simultaneously under normal conditions and an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model induced with amyloid beta protein 1-42 (Aß1-42). We applied the platform to analyze the secretion profiles from paired neuron-macrophage and neuron-microglia single cells with human cell lines. We found that pairwise neuron-macrophage interaction would trigger immune responses and attenuate neuron cells' secretion, while neuron-microglia interaction generally results in opposite outcomes in secretion. When neuron cells are induced with Aß1-42 protein into the AD model, both neuron-macrophage and neuron-microglia interactions lead to increased cytokines and NDEs and decreased NFs. Further analysis of AD patients' serum showed that NDEs were significantly higher in patients' samples than in the control group, validating our observation from the interaction assay. Furthermore, we resolved previously undifferentiated heterogeneity underlying the secretions from single-neuron cells. We found that the NDE and NF secretion was less dependent on the paracrine signaling between one another and that secretions from neuron cells would attenuate after differentiation with Aß1-42. This study demonstrates the mapping of the different secretomes from paired neuron-immune single cells, providing avenues for understanding how neurons and immune cells interact through the complex secretome network.

Predictive significance of joint plasma fibrinogen and urinary alpha-1 microglobulin-creatinine ratio in patients with diabetic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Although many biomarkers have high diagnostic and predictive power for diabetic kidney disease (DKD), less studies were performed for the predictive assessment in DKD and its progression with combined blood and urinary biomarkers. This study aims to explore the predictive significance of joint plasma fibrinogen (FIB) concentration and urinary alpha-1 microglobulin-creatinine (α1-MG/CR) ratio in DKD. METHODS: A total of 234 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled, and their clinical and laboratory data were retrospectively assessed. A ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the power of plasma FIB and urinary α1-MG/CR ratio for identifying DKD and advanced DKD, respectively. The predictive power for DKD and advanced DKD was analyzed by regression analysis. RESULTS: Plasma FIB and urinary α1-MG/CR levels were higher in patients with DKD than with pure T2D (p<0.001). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 5.047 (95%CI: 2.276-10.720) and 2.192 (95%CI: 1.539-3.122) (p<0.001) for FIB and α1-MG/CR as continuous variables for DKD prediction, respectively. The optimal cut-off values were 3.21 g/L and 2.11mg/mmol for identifying DKD, and 5.58 g/L and 11.07 mg/mmol for advanced DKD from ROC curves. At these cut-off values, the sensitivity and specificity of joint FIB and α1-MG/CR were 0.95 and 0.92 for identifying DKD, and 0.62 and 0.67 for identifying advanced DKD, respectively. The area under curve was 0.972 (95%CI: 0.948-0.995) (p<0.001) and 0.611, 95%CI: 0.488-0.734) (p>0.05). The multivariate-adjusted ORs for joint FIB and α1-MG/CR at the cut-off values were 214.500 (95%CI: 58.054-792.536) and 3.252 (95%CI: 1.040-10.175) (p<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that joint plasma FIB concentration and urinary α1-MG/CR ratio can be used as a powerful predictor for general DKD, but it is less predictive for advanced DKD.

Spatial barcoding-enabled highly multiplexed immunoassay with digital microfluidics.

Digital microfluidics (DMF), facilitating independent manipulation of microliter samples, provides an ideal platform for immunoassay detection; however, suffering limited multiplexity. To address the need, herein we described a digital microfluidics (DMF) platform that realizes spatial barcoding on the Teflon-coated indium tin oxide (ITO) glass side to fulfill highly multiplexed immunoassay (10+) with low-volume samples (∼4 µL) in parallel, representing the highest multiplexing recorded to date for DMF-actuated immunoassay. Planar-based spatial immobilization of multiple capture antibodies was realized on a Teflon-coated ITO glass side, which was then used as the top plate of the DMF device. Droplets containing analytes, secondary antibodies, and fluorescent signaling reporters with low volume, which were electrically manipulated by our DMF control system, were shuttled sequentially along the working electrodes to complete the immuno-reaction. Evaluation of platform performance with recombinant proteins showed excellent sensitivity and reproducibility. To test the feasibility of our platform in analyzing multiplex biomarkers of the immune response, we used lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages as a model system for protein secretion dynamics studies. As a result, temporal profiling of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion dynamics was obtained. The spatial barcoding strategy presented here is easy-to-operate to enable a more comprehensive evaluation of protein abundance from biological samples, paving the way for new opportunities to realize multiplexity-associated applications with the DMF platform.

Emergence of a Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Co-Carrying a New mcr-1.33 Variant and bla NDM-5 Genes Recovered from a Urinary Tract Infection.

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are a significant threat to worldwide public health, resulting in increased morbidity, death, hospitalization time and healthcare expenses. Here, the genomic and phylogenetic characteristics of a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolate carrying both the new mcr-1.33 variant and bla NDM-5 gene obtained from a urinary tract infection in China are investigated. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli 779 was evaluated by using the broth microdilution method. Short-read Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and long-read Oxford Nanopore MinION platforms were applied to sequence the bacterial whole genomic DNA and then de novo assembled. The genome sequence was annotated using the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline and further subjected to identify the sequence type (ST), capsular type, and antibiotic resistance genes. BacWGSTdb 2.0 was used to perform the core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) analysis with other closely related E. coli isolates deposited in the public database. Results: E. coli 779 was resistant to aztreonam, levofloxacin, fosfomycin, cefoxitin, cefepime, cefotaxime, imipenem, meropenem, polymyxin, and tigecycline. The complete genome sequence of E. coli 779 is made up of nine contigs totaling 5,667,876 bp, including one chromosome and eight plasmids. The isolate was assigned to ST101, serotype O-:H31, and phylogroup B1. The colistin resistance gene mcr-1.33 (located in a 242,460 bp IncHI2/IncHI2A plasmid) and the ß-lactam resistance gene bla NDM-5 (located in a 46,161 bp IncX3 plasmid) were among the 27 antimicrobial resistance genes discovered. The closest relative of E. coli 779, another ST101 strain (E. coli 443) obtained from a sewage sample in Shandong, China in 2015, differs by only 24 cgMLST alleles. Conclusion: We discovered the first multidrug-resistant ST101 E. coli strain with plasmid-mediated mcr-1.33 variant and bla NDM-5 gene in China. These findings would help us to better understanding the genomic traits, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and epidemiological aspects of this bacterial pathogen.

In vivo confocal microscopy qualitative investigation of the relationships between lattice corneal dystrophy deposition and corneal nerves.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the corneal neurotropic phenomenon in patients with lattice corneal dystrophy (LCD) with in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (IVCM). METHODS: IVCM was performed on a total of 15 patients (28 eyes) with LCD annually at a follow-up. A collection of the data was acquired to be analyzed. RESULTS: As indicated by the analysis, the LCD patients' normal corneal stromal nerves (Grade 0) presented a decline with the prolongation of the follow-ups, corresponding to a gradual increase in grade I and II involving amyloid-wrapped nerve fibers, which demonstrated that the growing amount of amyloid deposit due to the corneal nerve invasion increased slowly over time. CONCLUSIONS: The neurotropic phenomenon could increase with its severity in the corneal lesion of the patients with LCD, and also reflect the distribution of the corneal nerves, to some extent. IVCM provides a rapid, noninvasive way to observe the corneal nerves, which can be an efficient means of better understanding the development of LCD.

Interfacing droplet microfluidics with antibody barcodes for multiplexed single-cell protein secretion profiling.

Multiplexed protein secretion analysis of single cells is important to understand the heterogeneity of cellular functions and processes in healthy and disease states. However, current single-cell platforms, such as microwell-, microchamber-, or droplet-based assays, suffer from low single-cell occupancy, waste of reagents, limited sensitivity, or inability to perform necessary operations, etc. To overcome these drawbacks, we present an integrated droplet microfluidic device that interfaces with spatially patterned antibody barcodes for multiplexed single-cell secretome analysis. The trapping array of 100 picoliter-sized isolation chambers could achieve >80% single-cell capture efficiency with >90% viability. The single-cell analysis microchip was validated by the detection of four-plexed cytokines, including IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1b, and TNF-a/IL-10, from unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated individual human macrophages. We also successfully applied the platform to profile protein secretions of human tumor cell lines and primary/metastatic cancer cells dissociated from cancer patients to observe the secretion heterogeneity among cells. This unique microfluidic platform enables multiplexed secretion assays for static droplet microfluidics, provides a reliable and straightforward workflow for protein secretion assays based on a low number of single cells in a short incubation time (∼4 h), and could have widespread applications for studying secretion-mediated cellular heterogeneity.

High-Throughput Single-Cell Extracellular Vesicle Secretion Analysis on a Desktop Scanner without Cell Counting.

Single-cell EV (extracellular vesicle) secretion analysis is emerging for a better understanding of non-genetic cellular heterogeneity regulating human health and diseases through intercellular mediators. However, the requirements of expensive and bulky instrumentations hinder its widespread use. Herein, by combining gold nanoparticle-enhanced silver staining and the Poisson distribution, we reported the use of a home-use scanner to realize high-throughput single-cell EV secretion analysis without cell counting. We applied the platform to analyze the secretions of different EV phenotypes with the human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line and primary cells from patients, which generated single-cell results comparable with those of the immunofluorescence approach. Notably, we also realized the quantification of the number of EVs secreted from every single cell using their respective titration curves obtained from population samples, making it possible to directly compare different EV phonotypes in regard to their secretion number, secretion rate, and so forth. The technology introduced here is simple, easy to operate, and of low cost, which make it a potential, easily accessible, and affordable tool for widespread use in both basic and clinical research.

Single-Cell Secretion Analysis in the Engineered Tumor Microenvironment Reveals Differential Modulation of Macrophage Immune Responses.

It is increasingly recognized that the cellular microenvironment plays critical roles in regulating the fate and physiology of cells. Despite recent advancements in single-cell analysis technologies, engineering and integration of the microenvironment for single-cell analysis platforms remain limited. Here, we report a single-cell cytokine secretion analysis platform that integrated both the three-dimensional cell culture and the primary oral squamous cell carcinoma tumor cell co-culture to provide both physical and physiological cues for single cells to be analyzed. We apply the platform to investigate the immune responses of human macrophages stimulated with the ligand of toll-like receptor 4 lipopolysaccharide. Notably, we observe the differential modulation effect in cytokine secretions by the tumor microenvironment, in which antitumor cytokine TNF-a secretion was attenuated, and protumor cytokine IL-6 would increase. The differential modulation effect is conserved from cell line-derived macrophages to primary macrophages derived from healthy donors. Immunofluorescence staining further reveals that ∼50% of macrophage cells could be polarized from M1 to the M2 phenotype within 12 h in the engineered tumor microenvironment. This work demonstrates the significance of the cell microenvironment toward single-cell analysis, which could help to evaluate how immune cells will respond in the complex microenvironment more accurately.

PDMS Microwell Stencil Based Multiplexed Single-Cell Secretion Analysis.

Multiplexed single-cell protein secretion analysis provides an in-depth understanding of cellular heterogeneity in intercellular communications mediated by secreted proteins in both fundamental and clinical research. However, it has been challenging to increase the proteomic parameters co-profiled from every single cell in a facile way. Herein, a simple method to improve the multiplexed proteomic parameters of PDMS microwell based single-cell secretion analysis platform by sandwiching PDMS stencil in between two antibody-coated glass slides is introduced. Two different antibody panels can be immobilized easily by static coating, without using sophisticated fluid handling or bulky equipment. 5-plexed, 3-fluorescence color single-cell secretion assay is demonstrated with this platform to investigate human monocytic U937 cells in response to lipopolysaccharide and phorbol myristate acetate stimulation, which identified the existence of functional subsets dictated by different cytokine profiles. The technology introduced here is simple, easy to operate, which holds great potential to become a powerful tool for profiling multiplexed single-cell cytokine secretion at high throughput to dissect cellular heterogeneity in secretome signatures.

Clinical Significance of Hemostatic Parameters in the Prediction for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy.

It would be important to predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study was aimed at evaluating the predicting significance of hemostatic parameters for T2DM and DN. Plasma coagulation and hematologic parameters before treatment were measured in 297 T2DM patients. The risk factors and their predicting power were evaluated. T2DM patients without complications exhibited significantly different activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), platelet (PLT), and D-dimer (D-D) levels compared with controls (P < 0.01). Fibrinogen (FIB), PLT, and D-D increased in DN patients compared with those without complications (P < 0.001). Both aPTT and PLT were the independent risk factors for T2DM (OR: 1.320 and 1.211, P < 0.01, resp.), and FIB and PLT were the independent risk factors for DN (OR: 1.611 and 1.194, P < 0.01, resp.). The area under ROC curve (AUC) of aPTT and PLT was 0.592 and 0.647, respectively, with low sensitivity in predicting T2DM. AUC of FIB was 0.874 with high sensitivity (85%) and specificity (76%) for DN, and that of PLT was 0.564, with sensitivity (60%) and specificity (89%) based on the cutoff values of 3.15 g/L and 245 × 109/L, respectively. This study suggests that hemostatic parameters have a low predicting value for T2DM, whereas fibrinogen is a powerful predictor for DN.

Transcriptional responses in the hepatopancreas of Eriocheir sinensis exposed to deltamethrin.

Deltamethrin is an important pesticide widely used against ectoparasites. Deltamethrin contamination has resulted in a threat to the healthy breeding of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. In this study, we investigated transcriptional responses in the hepatopancreas of E. sinensis exposed to deltamethrin. We obtained 99,087,448, 89,086,478, and 100,117,958 raw sequence reads from control 1, control 2, and control 3 groups, and 92,094,972, 92,883,894, and 92,500,828 raw sequence reads from test 1, test 2, and test 3 groups, respectively. After filtering and quality checking of the raw sequence reads, our analysis yielded 79,228,354, 72,336,470, 81,859,826, 77,649,400, 77,194,276, and 75,697,016 clean reads with a mean length of 150 bp from the control and test groups. After deltamethrin treatment, a total of 160 and 167 genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Gene ontology terms "biological process," "cellular component," and "molecular function" were enriched with respect to cell killing, cellular process, other organism part, cell part, binding, and catalytic. Pathway analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that the metabolic pathways were significantly enriched. We found that the CYP450 enzyme system, carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and material (including carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and other substances) metabolism played important roles in the metabolism of deltamethrin in the hepatopancreas of E. sinensis. This study revealed differentially expressed genes related to insecticide metabolism and detoxification in E. sinensis for the first time and will help in understanding the toxicity and molecular metabolic mechanisms of deltamethrin in E. sinensis.

Transcriptome differences between enrofloxacin-resistant and enrofloxacin-susceptible strains of Aeromonas hydrophila.

Enrofloxacin is the most commonly used antibiotic to control diseases in aquatic animals caused by A. hydrophila. This study conducted de novo transcriptome sequencing and compared the global transcriptomes of enrofloxacin-resistant and enrofloxacin-susceptible strains. We got a total of 4,714 unigenes were assembled. Of these, 4,122 were annotated. A total of 3,280 unigenes were assigned to GO, 3,388 unigenes were classified into Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) using BLAST and BLAST2GO software, and 2,568 were mapped onto pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes Pathway database. Furthermore, 218 unigenes were deemed to be DEGs. After enrofloxacin treatment, 135 genes were upregulated and 83 genes were downregulated. The GO terms biological process (126 genes) and metabolic process (136 genes) were the most enriched, and the terms for protein folding, response to stress, and SOS response were also significantly enriched. This study identified enrofloxacin treatment affects multiple biological functions of A. hydrophila. Enrofloxacin resistance in A. hydrophila is closely related to the reduction of intracellular drug accumulation caused by ABC transporters and increased expression of topoisomerase IV.

Correlation between morphologic appearance and function of filtering bleb in vivo.

PURPOSE: Efficacy and long-term success of trabeculectomy largely depends on the postoperative development of a functioning filtering bleb. This study was designed to observe histological changes in filtering blebs after trabeculectomy using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and to investigate the correlation between morphologic appearance and function of filtering blebs. METHODS: A total of 46 glaucoma patients who had received a trabeculectomy unilaterally in the past 1 to 60 months underwent slit-lamp examination, applanation tonometry, and in vivo confocal microscopy. Eyes were classified into 4 groups according to the morphologic appearance of the filtering bleb based on the Kronfled system: type I blebs (8 eyes), type II blebs (14 eyes), type III blebs (16 eyes), and type IV blebs (8 eyes). The IVCM images were analyzed for the number of intraepithelial microcysts, the density of subepithelial connective tissue and the presence of blood vessels. RESULTS: Type II blebs presented with numerous intraepithelial vacuolar microcysts, while several large intraepithelial microcysts were found in type I blebs. Subepithelial connective tissue was widely spaced in type I and II blebs. In contrast, type III and IV blebs showed few or no intraepithelial microcysts, and subepithelial connective tissue was densely distributed. Neovascularization was seen in 83.3% of failed blebs, whereas neovascularization was found in only 16.6% of successful blebs. CONCLUSION: Different types of blebs reveal various histological characteristics at the cellular level, which appear to be correlated with postoperative filtering function.